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United States Patent |
6,207,800
|
Bergsma
,   et al.
|
March 27, 2001
|
cDNA clone HNFDY20 that encodes a novel human 7-transmembrane receptor
Abstract
HNFDY20 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such
polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are
methods for utilizing HNFDY20 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the
design of protocols for the treatment of infections such as bacterial,
fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by
HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's
disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary
retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers;
asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and
neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic
depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias,
such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among
others and diagnostic assays for such conditions.
Inventors:
|
Bergsma; Derk J. (Berwyn, PA);
Sathe; Ganesh M. (King of Prussia, PA);
Fuetterer; Wendy S. (Kennett Square, PA);
Mao; Joyce Y. (Westmont, NJ)
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Assignee:
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SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA)
|
Appl. No.:
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248715 |
Filed:
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February 9, 1999 |
Intern'l Class: |
C07K 14//705 |
Field of Search: |
530/324,325,326,350
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
5596088 | Jan., 1997 | Boucher et al. | 536/23.
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Foreign Patent Documents |
WO 96/05302 | Feb., 1996 | WO.
| |
Other References
GenBank Accession No. U62631.
Sawzdargo et al.; "A Cluster of Four Novel Human G Protein-Coupled Receptor
Genes Occurring in Close Proximity to CD22 Gene on Chromosome 19q13.1",
Bioch Biophys Reg. Comm., vol. 239, pp. 543-547 (1997).
Oliveira et al.; "A common motif in G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane
helix receptors", Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, vol. 7, pp.
649-658 (1993).
Coughlin et al. "Molecular Cloning of a Functional Thrombin Receptor
Reveals a Novel Proteolytic Mechanism of Receptor Activation", Cell, vol.
64, pp. 1057-1068 (1991).
Coughlin et al. "Specificity of the Thrombin Receptor for Agonist Peptide
is Defined by its Extracellular Surface", Letters to Nature, vol. 368, pp.
648-651 (1994).
Lustig et al. "Expression Cloning of an ATP Receptor from Mouse
Neuroblastoma Cells", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 90, pp. 5113-5117
(1993).
Kehrl et al. "cDNA Cloning of the B Cell Membrane Protein CD22: A Mediator
of B-B Cell Interactions", The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 173,
pp. 137-146 (1991).
George et al. "Current Methods in Sequence Comparison and Analysis",
Macromolecular Sequencing And Synthesis, Selected Methods and Application,
Chapter 12, pp. 127-149 (1988).
HGS EST #556332.
|
Primary Examiner: Ulm; John
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hecht; Elizabeth J.
Ratner & Prestia, King; William T.
Parent Case Text
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/820,521, filed
Mar. 19, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,416, whose entire contents are
herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An isolated polypeptide comprising at least 15 contiguous amino acids
from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
2. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising at least 50 contiguous
amino acids from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising at least 100 contiguous
amino acids from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising at least 200 contiguous
amino acids from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
5. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, comprising at least 300 contiguous
amino acids from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
6. An isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:2.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides
encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides,
and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and
polypeptides of the present invention relate to G-Protein Coupled
Receptor, hereinafter referred to as HNFDY20. The invention also relates
to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and
polypeptides.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is well established that many medically significant biological processes
are mediated by proteins participating in signal transduction pathways
that involve G-proteins and/or second messengers, e.g., cAMP (Lefkowitz,
Nature, 1991, 351:353-354). Herein these proteins are referred to as
proteins participating in pathways with G-proteins or PPG proteins. Some
examples of these proteins include the GPC receptors, such as those for
adrenergic agents and doparnine (Kobilka, B. K., et al., Proc. Natl Acad.
Sci., USA, 1987, 84:4&50; Kobilka, B. K., et al., Science, 1987,
238:650-656; Bunzow, J. R., et al., Nature, 1988, 336:783-787), G-proteins
themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and
phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and
protein kinase C (Simon, M. I., et al., Science, 1991, 252:802-8).
For example, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone
binding is activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell.
Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the
nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects
the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase. G-protein was shown. to
exchange GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor. The
GTP-carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of
GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to
its basal, inactive form. Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an
intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a
clock that controls the duration of the signal.
The membrane protein gene superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors has
been characterized as having seven putative transrmembrane domains. The
domains are believed to represent transmembrane a-helices connected by
extracellular or cytoplasmic loops. G-protein coupled receptors include a
wide range of biologically active receptors, such as hormone, viral,
growth factor and neuroreceptors.
G-protein coupled receptors (otherwise known as 7TM receptors) have been
characterized as including these seven conserved hydrophobic stretches of
about 20 to 30 amino acids, connecting at least eight divergent
hydrophilic loops. The G-protein family of coupled receptors includes
dopamine receptors which bind to neuroleptic drugs used for treating
psychotic and neurological disorders. Other examples of members of this
family include, but are not limited to, calcitonin, adrenergic,
endothelin, cAMP, adenosine, muscarinic, acetylcholine, serotonin,
histamine, thrombin, kinin, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins,
endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorant, and
cytomnegalovirus receptors.
Most G-protein coupled receptors have single conserved cysteine residues in
each of the first two extracellular loops which form disulfide bonds that
are believed to stabilize functional protein structure. The 7
transmemnbrane regions are designated as TM1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TM5, TM6, and
TM7. TM3 has been implicated in signal transduction.
Phosphorylation and lipidation (palmitylation or farnesylation) of cysteine
residues can influence signal transduction of some G-protein coupled
receptors. Most G-protein coupled receptors contain potential
phosphorylation sites within the third cytoplasrnic loop and/or the
carboxy terminus. For several G-protein coupled receptors, such as the
b-adrenoreceptor, phosphorylation by protein kinase A and/or specific
receptor kinases mediates receptor desensitization.
For some receptors, the ligand binding sites of G-protein coupled receptors
are believed to comprise hydrophilic sockets formed by several G-protein
coupled receptor transmembrane domains, said socket being surrounded by
hydrophobic residues of the G-protein coupled receptors. The hydrophilic
side of each G-protein coupled receptor transmembrane helix is postulated
to face inward and form polar ligand binding site. TM3 has been implicated
in several G-protein coupled receptors as having a ligand binding site,
such as the TM3 aspartate residue. TM5 serines, a TM6 asparagine and TM6
or TM7 phenylalanines or tyrosines are also implicated in ligand binding.
G-protein coupled receptors can be intracellularly coupled by
heterotrimeric G-proteins to various intracellular enzymes, ion channels
and transporters (see, Johnson et al., Endoc. Rev., 1989, 10:317-331)
Different G-protein a-subunits preferentially stimulate particular
effectors to modulate various biological functions in a cell.
Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic residues of G-protein coupled receptors
have been identified as an important mechanism for the regulation of
G-protein coupling of some G-protein coupled receptors. C-protein coupled
receptors are found in numerous sites within a mammalian host.
Over the past 15 years, nearly 350 therapeutic agents targeting 7
transmembrane (7 TM) receptors have been successfully introduced onto the
rnarket.
This indicates that these receptors have an established, proven history as
therapeutic targets. Clearly there is a need for identification and
characterization of further receptors which can play a role in preventing,
ameliorating or correcting dysfunctions or diseases, including, but not
limited to, infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral
infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1or HIV-2; pain;
cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart
failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis;
angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign
prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including
anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe
mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles
dela Tourett's syndrome.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, the invention relates to HNFDY20 polypeptides and
recombinant materials and methods for their production. Another aspect of
the invention relates to methods for using such HNFDY20 polypeptides and
polynucleotides. Such uses include the treatment of infections such as
bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections
caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma;
Parinnson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension;
urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction;
ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and
neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic
depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias,
such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome, among
others. In still another aspect, the invention relates to methods to
identify agonists and antagonists using the materials provided by the
invention, and treating conditions associated with HNFDY20 imbalance with
the identified compounds. Yet another aspect of the invention relates to
diagnostic assays for detecting diseases associated with inappropriate
HNFDY20 activity or levels.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of
certain terms used frequently herein.
"HNFDY20" refers, among others, to a polypeptide comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or an allelic variant thereof.
"Receptor Activity" or "Biological Activity of the Receptor" refers to the
metabolic or physiologic function of said HNFDY20 including similar
activities or improved activities or these activities with decreased
undesirable side-effects. Also included are antigenic and immunogenic
activities of said HNFDY20.
"HNFDY20 gene" refers to a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or allelic variants thereof and/or
their complements.
"Antibodies" as used herein includes polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies,
chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab
fragments, including the products of an Fab or other immunoglobulin
expression library.
"Isolated" means altered "by the hand of man" from the natural state. If an
"isolated" composition or substance occurs in nature, it has been changed
or removed from its original environment, or both. For example, a
polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present in a living animal is
not "isolated," but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide separated from
the coexisting materials of its natural state is "isolated", as the term
is employed herein.
"Polynucleotide" generally refers to any polyribonucleotide or
polydeoxribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA
or DNA. "Polynucleotides" include, without limitation single- and
double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded
regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is mixture of
single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and
RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a
mixture of single- and double-stranded regions. In addition,
"polynucleotide" refers to triple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA
or both RNA and DNA. The term polynucleotide also includes DNAs or RNAs
containing one or more modified bases and DNAs or RNAs with backbones
modified for stability or for other reasons. "Modified" bases include, for
example, tritylated bases and unusual bases such as inosine. A variety of
modifications has been made to DNA and RNA; thus, "polynucleotide"
embraces chemically, enzymatically or metabolically modified forms of
polynucleotides as typically found in nature, as well as the chemical
forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells. "Polynucleotide"
also embraces relatively short polynucleotides, often referred to as
oligonucleotides.
"Polypeptide" refers to any peptide or protein comprising two or more amino
acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds,
i.e., peptide isosteres. "Polypeptide" refers to both short chains,
commonly referred to as peptides, oligopeptides or oligomers, and to
longer chains, generally referred to as proteins. Polypeptides may contain
amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. "Polypeptides"
include amino acid sequences modified either by natural processes, such as
posttranslational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which
are well known in the art. Such modifications are well described in basic
texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research
literature. Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including
the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl
termini. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be
present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given
polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of
modifications. Polypeptides may be branched as a result of ubiquitination,
and they may be cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic, branched and
branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslation natural
processes or may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications include
acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment
of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a
nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or
lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol,
cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation,
formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cystine, formation of
pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor
formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation,
oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation,
racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of
amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. See, for
instance, PROTEINS--STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed., T. E.
Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1993 and Wold, F.,
Posttranslational Protein Modifications: Perspectives and Prospects, pgs.
1-12 in POSTTRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B. C.
Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; Seifter et al., "Analysis
for protein modifications and nonprotein cofactors", Meth Enzymol (1990)
182:626-646 and Rattan et al., "Protein Synthesis: Posttranslational
Modifications and Aging", Ann NY Acad Sci (1992) 663:48-62.
"Variant" as the term is used herein, is a polynucleotide or polypeptide
that differs from a reference polynucleotide or polypeptide respectively,
but retains essential properties. A typical variant of a polynucleotide
differs in nucleotide sequence from another, reference polynucleotide.
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of the variant may or may not alter the
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by the reference
polynucleotide. Nucleotide changes may result in amino acid substitutions,
additions, deletions, fusions and truncations in the polypeptide encoded
by the reference sequence, as discussed below. A typical variant of a
polypeptide differs in amino acid sequence from another, reference
polypeptide. Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of
the reference polypeptide and the variant are closely similar overall and,
in many regions, identical. A variant and reference polypeptide may differ
in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions
in any combination. A substituted or inserted amino acid residue may or
may not be one encoded by the genetic code. A variant of a polynucleotide
or polypeptide may be a naturally occurring such as an allelic variant, or
it may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally. Non-naturally
occurring variants of polynucleotides and polypeptides may be made by
mutagenesis techniques or by direct synthesis.
"Identity" is a measure of the identity of nucleotide sequences or amino
acid sequences. In general, the sequences are aligned so that the highest
order match is obtained. "Identity" per se has an art-recognized meaning
and can be calculated using published techniques. See, e.g.:
(COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University
Press, New York, 1988; BIOCOMPUTING: INFORMATICS AND GENOME PROJECTS,
Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF
SEQUENCE DATA, PART I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana
Press, New Jersey, 1994; SEQUENCE -ANALYSIS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, von
Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and SEQUENCE ANALYSIS PRIMER, Gribskov,
M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991). While there
exist a number of methods to measure identity between two polynucleotide
or polypeptide sequences, the term "identity" is well known to skilled
artisans (Carillo, H., and Lipton, D., SIAM J Applied Math (1988)
48:1073). Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similarity
between two sequences include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in
Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, San Diego,
1994, and Carillo, H., and Lipton, D., SLAM J Applied Math (1988) 48:1073.
Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer
programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and
similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCS
program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research (1984)
12(l):387), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, S.F. et al., J Molec Biol
(1990) 215:403).
Polypeptides of the Invention
In one aspect, the present invention relates to HNFDY20 polypeptides. The
polypeptides include the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2; as well
aspolypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and
polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence which have at least 80%
identity to that of SEQ ID NO:2 over its entire length, and still more
preferably at least 90% identity, and even still more preferably at least
95% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. Also included within HNFDY20 polypeptides
are polypeptides having the amino acid sequence which have at least 80%
identity to the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2
over its entire length, and still more preferably at least 90% identity,
and even still more preferably at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
Preferably HNFDY20 polypeptides exhibit at least one biological activity
of the receptor.
The HNFDY20 polypeptides may be in the form of the "mature" protein or may
be a part of a larger protein such as a fusion protein. It is often
advantageous to include an additional amino acid sequence which contains
secretory or leader sequences, pro-sequences, sequences which aid in
purification such as multiple histidine residues, or an additional
sequence for stability during recombinant production.
Biologically active fragments of the HNFDY20 polypeptides are also included
in the invention. A fragment is a polypeptide having an amino acid
sequence that entirely is the same as part, but not all, of the amino acid
sequence of the aforementioned HNFDY20 polypeptides. As with HNFDY20
polypeptides, fragments may be "free-standing," or comprised within a
larger polypeptide of which they form a part or region, most preferably as
a single continuous region. Representative examples of polypeptide
fragments of the invention, include, for example, fragments from about
amino acid number 1-20, 2140, 41-60, 61-80, 81-100, and 101 to the end of
HNFDY20 polypeptide. In this context "about" includes the particularly
recited ranges larger or smaller by several, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acid at
either extreme or at both extremes.
Preferred fragments include, for example, truncation polypeptides having
the amino acid sequence of HNFDY20 polypeptides, except for deletion of a
continuous series of residues that includes the amino termiinus, or a
continuous series of residues that includes the carboxyl terminus or
deletion of two continuous series of residues, one including the amino
terminus and one including the carboxyl terminus. Also preferred are
fragments characterized by structural or functional attributes such as
fragments that comprise alpha-helix and alpha-helix forming regions,
beta-sheet and beta-sheet-forming regions, turn and turn-forming regions,
coil and coil-forming regions, hydrophilic regions, hydrophobic regions,
alpha amphipathic regions, beta amphipathic regions, flexible regions,
surface-forming regions, substrate binding region, and high antigenic
index regions. Biologically active fragments are those that mediate
receptor activity, including those with a similar activity or an improved
activity, or with a decreased undesirable activity. Also included are
those that are antigenic or immunogenic in an anirnal, especially in a
human.
Preferably, all of these polypeptide fragments retain the biological
activity of the receptor, including antigenic activity. Variants of the
defined sequence and fragments also form part of the present invention.
Preferred variants are those that vary from the referents by conservative
amino acid substitutions--i.e., those that substitute a residue with
another of like characteristics. Typical such substitutions are among Ala,
Val, Leu and Ile; among Ser and Thr; among the acidic residues Asp and
Glu; among Asn and Gln; and among the basic residues Lys and Arg; or
aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Particularly preferred are variants in
which several, 5-10, 1-5, or 1-2 amino acids are substituted, deleted, or
added in any combination.
The HNFDY20 polypeptides of the invention can be prepared in any suitable
manner. Such polypeptides include isolated naturally occurring
polypeptides, recombinantly produced polypeptides, synthetically produced
polypeptides, or polypeptides produced by a combination of these methods.
Means for preparing such polypeptides are well understood in the art.
Polynucleotides of the Invention
Another aspect of the invention relates to HNFDY20 polynucleotides. HNFDY20
polynucleotides include isolated polynucleotides which encode the HNFDY20
polypeptides and fragments, and polynucleotides closely related thereto.
More specifically, HNFDY20 polynucleotide of the invention include a
polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
1 encoding a HNFDY20 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, and polynucleotide
having the particular sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. HNFDY20 polynucleotides
further include a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that has
at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence encoding the HNFDY20
polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 over its entire length, and a polynucleotide
that is at least 80% identical to that having SEQ ID NO: 1 over its entire
length. In this regard, polynucleotides at least 90% identical are
particularly preferred, and those with at least 95% are especially
preferred. Furthermore, those with at least 97% are highly preferred and
those with at least 98-99% are most highly preferred, with at least 99%
being the most preferred. Also included under HNFDY20 polynucleotides are
a nucleotide sequence which has sufficient identity to a nucleotide
sequence contained in SEQ ID NO:1 to hybridize under conditions useable
for amplification or for use as a probe or marker. The invention also
provides polynucleotides which are complementary to such HNFDY20
polynecleotides.
FDY20 of the invention is structurally related to other proteins of the
G-Protein Coupled Receptor, as shown by the results of sequencing the cDNA
encoding human HNFDY20. The cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame
encoding a polypeptide of 401 amino acids. Amino acid sequence of Table 1
(SEQ ID NO:2) has about 30.8 % identity (using FASTA) in 299 amino acid
residues with Thrombin receptor (Coughlin, S. R. et al, AC# P25116, Cell,
64: 1057-1068, 1993). Furthermore, HNFDY20 (SEQ ID NO:2) is 26.5 %
identical to Xenopus laevis thrombin receptor over 370 amino acid residues
(Coughlin, S. R. et al, AC# P47749, Nature 368: 648-651, 1994).
Furthermore HNFDY20 (SEQ ID NO:2) is 27.2 % identical to ATP receptor over
290 amino acid residues (AC# P35383, Lustig, K. D. et al, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 5113-5117, 1993). Furthermore, HBDFY20 (SEQ ID No:2)
is 28.5 % identical to P-2U nucleotide receptor sequence over 288 amino
acid residues (U.S. Pat. No. #5,596,088). Nucleotide sequence of Table 1
(SEQ ID NO: 1) has about 99.94 % identity using BLAST) in 1841 nucleotide
residues with rniscellaneous section of CD22 genomic DNA (AC#U62631,
Kehrl, J. H. et al). . Furthermore, HNFDY20 (SEQ ID No: 1) is 57.01 %
identical to human G protein coupled receptor polynucleotide over 214
nucleotide base residues (AC# U35399, Goetzl. E. J. Unpublished).
TABLE l.sup.a
1 GACAGCAAGGTGCTGTGCGGCAGAGCATTTGGGGTCTCAAAGAAGCAGGTGAGCCTGGGC 60
61 CCGAGGGGCTGGGTGGAGGAGCACCTTGGTGCTTCTCTGCTGGGGAAGGGACAGGGGACA 120
121 GGGCATGCTCAGGAAGACAGGCAGGCTGACCCCGCCTGGAAGGCACCCAGAGACAAGAGG 180
0 M L R K T G R L T P P G R H P E T R G 19
181 GGTGGGCGTAGTGACCTCGTGCCCTTTTAGGGGAGATGCTGCTGGCCAGAGGCCGTTAGG 240
20 V G V V T S C P F R G D A A G Q R P L G 39
241 GCCCCCACTACCAACTCCATGTTACTCTCTCTCACCAGTGGCCACCACCATGGATACAGG 300
40 P P L P T P C Y S L S P V A T T M D T G 59
301 CCCCGACCAGTCCTACTTCTCCGGCAATCACTGGTTCGTCTTCTCGGTGTACCTTCTCAC 360
60 P D Q S Y F S G N H W F V F S V Y L L T 79
361 TTTCCTGGTGGGGCTCCCCCTCAACCTGCTGGCCCTGGTGGTCTTCGTGGGCAAGCTGCA 420
80 F L V G L P L N L L A L V V F V G K L Q 99
421 GCGCCGCCCGGTGGCCGTGGACGTGCTCCTGCTCAACCTGACCGCCTCGGACCTGCTCCT 480
100 R R P V A V D V L L L N L T A S D L L L 119
481 GCTGCTGTTCCTGCCTTTCCGCATGGTGGAGGCAGCCAATGGCATGCACTGGCCCCTGCC 540
120 L L F L P F R M V E A A N G M H W P L P 139
541 CTTCATCCTCTGCCCACTCTCTGGATTCATCTTCTTCACCACCATCTATCTCACCGCCCT 600
140 F I L C P L S G F I F F T T I Y L T A L 159
601 CTTCCTGGCAGCTGTGAGCATTGAACGCTTCCTGAGTGTGGCCCACCCCCTGTGGTACAA 660
160 F L A A V S I E R F L S V A H P L W Y K 179
661 GACCCGGCCGAGGCTGGGGCAGGCAGGTCTGGTGAGTGTGGCCTGCTGGCTGTTGGCCTC 720
180 T R P R L G Q A G L V S V A C W L L A S 199
721 TGCTCACTGCAGCGTGGTCTACGTCATAGAATTCTCAGGGGACATCTCCCACAGCCAGGG 780
200 A H C S V V Y V I E F S G D I S H S Q G 219
781 CACCAATGGGACCTGCTACCTGGAGTTCCGGAAGGACCAGCTAGCCATCCTCCTGCCCGT 840
220 T N G T C Y L E F R K D Q L A I L L P V 239
841 GCGGCTGGAGATGGCTGTGGTCCTCTTTGTGGTCCCGCTGATCATCACCAGCTACTGCTA 900
240 R L E M A V V L F V V P L I I T S Y C Y 259
901 CAGCCGCCTGGTGTGGATCCTCGGCAGAGGGGGCAGCCACCGCCGGCAGAGGAGGGTGGC 960
260 S R L V W I L G R G G S H R R Q R R V A 279
961 GGGGCTGTTGGCGGCCACGCTGCTCAACTTCCTTGTCTGCTTTGGGCCCTACAACGTGTC 1020
280 G L L A A T L L N F L V C F G P Y N V S 299
1021 CCATGTCGTGGGCTATATCTGCGGTGAAAGCCCGGCGTGGAGGATCTACGTGACGCTTCT
1080
300 H V V G Y I C G E S P A W R I Y V T L L 319
1081 CAGCACCCTGAACTCCTGTGTCGACCCCTTTGTCTACTACTTCTCCTCCTCCGGGTTCCA
1140
320 S T L N S C V D P F V Y Y F S S S G F Q 339
1141 AGCCGACTTTCATGAGCTGCTGAGGAGGTTGTGTGGGCTCTGGGGCCAGTGGCAGCAGGA
1200
340 A D F H E L L R R L C G L W G Q W Q Q E 359
1201 GAGCAGCATGGAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGGGAGGGGAGGAGCAGAGAGCGGACCGACCAGC
1260
360 S S M E L K E Q K G G E E Q R A D R P A 379
1261 TGAAAGAAAGACCAGTGAACACTCACAGGGCTGTGGAACTGGTGGCCAGGTGGCCTGTGC
1320
380 E R K T S E H S Q G C G T G G Q V A C A 399
1321 TGAAAGCTAGGTCCTCCGGGGGAGGAGGGTGTAGCTGGCGTGTCATCCTCAGGGCGCTTC
1380
400 E S * 419
1381 CTCGCTCACACCAGGAGGGACTTGGAGTGGCGAGCTGGGGCCCGATGGGGCTTGGGGGCA
1440
1441 GAGTAGACATCTAGCCTCCCTAAGGGTATGCGCGCTAAAGCCCAGCTCTCGATCTCACCT
1500
1501 CCATCCCCATCCACCCACACACTATGGATTGGGCTCTGGGAAGGGGTCAGGGTGAGAGGC
1560
1561 TGCTCTGGAGAACAATGAGGTCCTCACAGCAGCAGGCAGCTCCTGTGTTTTCTTGAGGGT
1620
1621 GGCAGAGGAGCTAAGAGCAGTGCCCAGGGTCTGAGGGGGCTGCCCAGTGAGTGGCAGGGG
1680
1681 CAGGAGAGGGGAGAACCCCATCCTCAGAGCTGCTCCCAGCCAGCGAGTCAGGAGCGGGGG
1740
1741 AGACAGGGCTCCAGGGATGAGGCCGCATTCTGCTCCCACAGTGCCTTTTCCAGAAAGTTC
1800
1801 CCATTGCTCAATAAATGTGGATCATCAGAGACATTTATGAA
1841
.sup.a Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence from a human HNFDY20. SEQ
ID NOS: 1 and 2, respctively.
One polynucleotide of the present invention encoding HNFDY20 may be
obtained using standard cloning and screening, from a cDNA library derived
from mRNA in cells of human testis and human liver using the expressed
sequence tag (EST) analysis (Adams, M. D., et al. Science (1991)
252:1651-1656; Adams, M. D. et al., Nature, (1992) 355:632-634; Adams,
M.D., et al., Nature (1995) 377 Supp:3-174). Polynucleotides of the
invention can also be obtained from natural sources such as genomic DNA
libraries or can be synthesized using well known and commercially
available techniques.
The nucleotide sequence encoding HNFDY20 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 may be
identical over its entire length to the coding sequence set forth in Table
1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or may be a degenerate form of this nucleotide sequence
encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, or may be highly identical to a
nucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2.
Preferably, the polynucleotides of the invention comprise a nucleotide
sequence that is highly identical, at least 80% identical, with a
nucleotide sequence encoding a BNFDY20 polypeptide, or at least 80%
identical with the sequence contained in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) encoding
HNFDY20 polypeptide, or at least 80% identical to a nucleotide sequence
encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2.
When the polynucleotides of the invention are used for the recombinant
production of HNFDY20 polypeptide, the polynucleotide may include the
coding sequence for the mature polypeptide or a fragment thereof, by
itself; the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide or fragment in
reading frame with other coding sequences, such as those encoding a leader
or secretory sequence, a pre-, or pro- or prepro- protein sequence, or
other fusion peptide portions. For example, a marker sequence which
facilitates purification of the fused polypeptide can be encoded. In
certain preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the marker
sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, as provided in the pQE vector
(Qiagen, Inc.) and described in Gentz et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
(1989) 86:821-824, or is an HA tag. The polynucleotide may also contain
non-coding 5' and 3' sequences, such as transcribed, non-translated
sequences, splicing and polyadenylation signals, ribosome binding sites
and sequences that stabilize MRNA.
Further preferred embodiments are polynucleotides encoding HNFDY20 variants
comprising the amino acid sequence of HNFDY20 polypeptide of Table 1 (SEQ
ID NO:2) in which several, 5-10, 1-5, 1-3, 1-2 or 1 amino acid residues
are substituted, deleted or added, in any combination.
The present invention further relates to polynucleotides that hybridize to
the herein above-described sequences. In this regard, the present
invention especially relates to polynucleotides which hybridize under
stringent conditions to the herein above-described polynucleotides. As
herein used, the term "stringent conditions" means hybridization will
occur only if there is at least 95% and preferably at least 97% identity
between the sequences.
Polynucleotides of the invention, which are identical or sufficiently
identical to a nucleotide sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 1, may be used
as hybridization probes for cDNA and genomic DNA, to isolate full-length
cDNAs and genonlic clones encoding HNFDY20 and to isolate cDNA and genomic
clones of other genes that have a high sequence similarity to the HNFOY20
gene. Such hybridization techniques are known to those of skill in the
art. Typically these nucleotide sequences are 70% identical, preferably
80% identical, more preferably 90% identical to that of the referent. The
probes generally will comprise at least 15 nucleotides. Preferably, such
probes will have at least 30 nucleotides and may have at least 50
nucleotides. Particularly preferred probes will range between 30 and 50
nucleotides.
In one embodiment, to obtain a polynucleotide encoding G-Protein Coupled
Receptor comprises the steps of screening an appropriate library under
stingent hybridization conditions with a labeled probe having the SEQ ID
NO: 1 or a fragment thereof, and isolating full-length cDNA and genomic
clones containing said polynucleotide sequence. Such hybridization
techniques are well known to those of skill in the art. Stringent
hybridization conditions are as defined above or alternatively conditions
under overnight incubation at 42.degree. C. in a solution comprising: 50%
formamide, 5.times.SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM
sodium phosphate (pH7.6), 5.times.Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran
sulfate, and 20 microgramrml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed
by washing the filters in 0.1.times.SSC at about 65.degree. C.
The polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention may be
employed as research reagents and materials for discovery of treatments
and diagnostics to animal and human disease.
Vectors, Host Cells, Expression
The present invention also relates to vectors which comprise a
polynucleotide or polynucleotides of the present invention, and host cells
which are genetically engineered with vectors of the invention and to the
production of polypeptides of the invention by recombinant techniques.
Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such
proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present
invention.
For recombinant production, host cells can be genetically engineered to
incorporate expression systems or portions thereof for polynucleotides of
the present invention. Introduction of polynucleotides into host cells can
be effected by methods described in many standard laboratory manuals, such
as Davis et al., BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (1986) and Sambrook et
al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (I 989) such as calcium
phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, transvection,
microinjection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation,
transduction, scrape loading, ballistic introduction or infection.
Representative examples of appropriate hosts include bacterial cells, such
as streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli, Streptomyces and Bacillus
subtilis cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells and Aspergillus cells;
insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells
such as CHO, COS, HeLa, C127, 3T3, BHK, 293 and Bowes melanoma cells; and
plant cells.
A great variety of expression systems can be used. Such systems include,
among others, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived systems, e.g.,
vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from
transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from yeast
chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses,
such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses,
pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from
combinations thereof, such as those derived from plasrnid and
bacteriophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids. The
expression systems may contain control regions that regulate as well as
engender expression. Generally, any system or vector suitable to maintain,
propagate or express polynucleotides to produce a polypeptide in a host
may be used. The appropriate nucleotide sequence may be inserted into an
expression system by any of a variety of well-known and routine
techniques, such as, for example, those set forth in Sambrook et al.,
MOLECULAR CLONING, A LABORATORY MANUAL (supra).
For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic
reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular
environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the
desired polypeptide. These signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or
they may be heterologous signals.
If the HNFDY20 polypeptide is to be expressed for use in screening assays,
generally, it is preferred that the polypeptide be produced at the surface
of the cell. In this event, the cells may be harvested prior to use in the
screening assay. If HNFDY20 polypeptide is secreted into the medium, the
medium can be recovered in order to recover and purify the polypeptide; if
produced intracellularly, the cells must first be lysed before the
polypeptide is recovered.
HNFDY20 polypeptides can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell
cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol
precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography,
phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography,
affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin
chromatography. Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography is
employed for purification. Well known techniques for refolding proteins
may be employed to regenerate active conformation when the polypeptide is
denatured during isolation and or purification.
Diagnostic Assays
This invention also relates to the use of HNFDY20 polynucleotides for use
as diagnostic reagents. Detection of a mutated form of HNFDY20 gene
associated with a dysfunction will provide a diagnostic tool that can add
to or defme a diagnosis of a disease or susceptibility to a disease which
results from under-expression, over-expression or altered expression of
HNFDY20. Individuals carrying mutations in the HNFDY20 gene may be
detected at the DNA level by a variety of techniques.
Nucleic acids for diagnosis may be obtained from a subject's cells, such as
from blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy or autopsy material. The genomic
DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymnatically
by using PCR or other amplification techniques prior to analysis. RNA or
cDNA may also be used in similar fashion. Deletions and insertions can be
detected by a change in size of the amplified product in comparison to the
normal genotppe. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing
amplified DNA to labeled HNFDY20 nucleotide sequences. Perfectly matched
sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase digestion
or by differences in melting temperatures. DNA sequence differences may
also be detected by alterations in electrophoretic mobility of DNA
fragments in gels, with or without denaturing agents, or by direct DNA
sequencing. See, e.g., Myers et al., Science (1985) 230:1242. Sequence
changes at specific locations may also be revealed by nuclease protection
assays, such as RNase and S 1 protection or the chemical cleavage method.
See Cotton et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1985) 85: 4397-4401. In another
embodiment, an array of oligonucleotides probes comprising HNFDY20
nucleotide sequence or fragments thereof can be constructed to conduct
efficient screening of e.g., genetic mutations. Array technology methods
are well known and have general applicability and can be used to address a
variety of questions in molecular genetics including gene expression,
genetic linkage, and genetic variability. (See for example: M.Chee et al.,
Science. Vol 274, pp 610-613 (1996)).
The diagnostic assays offer a process for diagnosing or determining a
susceptibility to infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and
viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain;
cancers; anorexia; bulinia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart
failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis;
angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign
prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including
anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, deliriur, dementia, severe
mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles
dela Tourett's syndrome through detection of mutation in the HNFDY20 gene
by the methods described.
In addition, infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral
infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain;
cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart
failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis;
angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign
prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological disorders, including
anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, deliriurm, dementia, severe
mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles
dela Tourett's syndrome, can be diagnosed by methods comprising
determining from a sample derived from a subject an abnormally decreased
or increased level of HNFDY20 polypeptide or HNFDY20 mRNA. Decreased or
increased expression can be measured at the RNA level using any of the
methods well known in the art for the quantitation of polynucleotides,
such as, for example, PCR, RT-PCR, RNase protection, Northern blotting and
other hybridization methods. Assay techniques that can be used to
determine levels of a protein, such as an HNFDY20, in a sample derived
from a host are well-known to those of skill in the art. Such assay
methods include radioimmunoassays, competitive-binding assays, Western
Blot analysis and ELISA assays.
Chromosome Assays
The nucleotide sequences of the present invention are also valuable for
chromosome identification. The sequence is specifically targeted to and
can hybridize with a particular location on an individual human
chromosome. The mapping of relevant sequences to chromosomes according to
the present invention is an important first step in correlating those
sequences with gene associated disease. Once a sequence has been mapped to
a precise chromosomal location, the physical position of the sequence on
the chromosome can be correlated with genetic map data. Such data are
found, for example, in V. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man
(available on line through Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical
Library). The relationship between genes and diseases that have been
mapped to the same chromosomal region are then identified through linkage
analysis (coinheritance of physically adjacent genes).
The differences in the cDNA or genomic sequence between affected and
unaffected individuals can also be determined. If a mutation is observed
in some or all of the affected individuals but not in any normal
individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent of the
disease.
Antibodies
The polypeptides of the invention or their fragments or analogs thereof, or
cells expressing them can also be used as immunogens to produce antibodies
immunospecific for the HNFDY20 polypeptides. The term "immunospecific"
means that the antibodies have substantiall greater affinity for the
polypeptides of the invention than their affinity for other related
polypeptides in the prior art.
Antibodies generated against the HNFDY20 polypeptides can be obtained by
administering the polypeptides or epitope-bearing fragments, analogs or
cells to an animal, preferably a nonhuman, using routine protocols. For
preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique which provides
antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples
include the hybridoma technique (Kohler, G. and Milstein, C., Nature
(1975) 256:495-497), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridomna
technique (Kozbor et al., Immunology Today (1983) 4:72) and the
EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER
THERAPY, pp.77-96, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985).
Techniques for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Pat. No.
4,946,778) can also be adapted to produce single chain antibodies to
polypeptides of this invention. Also, transgenic mice, or other organisms
including other mammals, may be used to express humanied antibodies.
The above-described antibodies may be employed to isolate or to identify
clones expressing the polypeptide or to purify the polypeptides by
affinity chromatography.
Antibodies against HNFDY20 polypeptides may also be employed to treat
infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections,
particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia;
bulimnia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension;
hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial
infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and
psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia,
manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and
dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's
syndrome, among others.
Vaccines
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for inducing an
immunological response in a mammal which comprises inoculating the mammal
with HNFDY20 polypeptide, or a fragment thereof, adequate to produce
antibody and/or T cell immune response to protect said animal from
infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections,
particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia;
bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension;
hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial
infarction; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and
psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia,
manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and
dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's
syndrome, among others. Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a
method of inducing immunological response in a mammal which comprises,
delivering HNFDY20 polypeptide via a vector directing expression of
HNFDY20 polynucleotide in vivo in order to induce such an immunological
response to produce antibody to protect said animal from diseases.
Further aspect of the invention relates to an immunological/vaccine
formulation (composition) which, when introduced into a mammalian host,
induces an immunological response in that mammal to a HNFDY20 polypeptide
wherein the composition comprises a HNFDY20 polypeptide or HNFDY20 gene.
The vaccine formulation may further comprise a suitable carrier. Since
HNFDY20 polypeptide may be broken down in the stomach, it is preferably
administered parenterally (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,
intravenous, intradermal etc. injection). Formulations suitable for
parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile
injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers,
bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation instonic with the
blood of the recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions
which may include suspending agents or thickening agents. The formulations
may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example,
sealed ampoules and vials and may be stored in a freeze-dried condition
requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier immediately
prior to use. The vaccine formulation may also include adjuvant systems
for enhancing the immunogenicity of the formulation, such as oil-in water
systems and other systems known in the art. The dosage will depend on the
specific activity of the vaccine and can be readily determined by routine
experimentation.
Screening Assays
The HNFDY20 polypeptide of the present invention may be employed in a
screening process for compounds which bind the receptor and which activate
(agonists) or inhibit activation of (antagonists) the receptor polypeptide
of the present invention. Thus, polypeptides of the invention may also be
used to assess the binding of small molecule substrates and ligands in,
for example, cells, cell-free preparations, chemical libraries, and
natural product mixtures. These substrates and ligands may be natural
substrates and ligands or may be structural or functional mimetics. See
Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immunology 1(2):Chapter 5 (1991).
HNFDY20 polypeptides are ubiquitous in the mammalian host and are
responsible for many biological functions, including many pathologies.
Accordingly, it is desirous to find compounds and drugs which stimulate
HNFDY20 on the one hand and which can inhibit the function of HNFDY20 on
the other hand. In general, agonists are employed for therapeutic and
prophylactic purposes for such conditions as infections such as bacterial,
fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by
HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's
disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary
retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers;
asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and
neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic
depression, deliriur, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias,
such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome.
Antagonists may be employed for a variety of therapeutic and prophylactic
purposes for such conditions as infections such as bacterial, fungal,
protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or
HIV-2; pain; cancers; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease;
acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention;
osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; ulcers; asthma;
allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; and psychotic and neurological
disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium,
dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's
disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndromne.
In general, such screening procedures involve producing appropriate cells
which express the receptor polypeptide of the present invention on the
surface thereof. Such cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosophila
or E. coli. Cells expressing the receptor (or cell membrane containing the
expressed receptor) are then contacted with a test compound to observe
binding, or stimulation or inhibition of a functional response.
One screening technique includes the use of cells which express receptor of
this invention (for example, transfected CHO cells) in a system which
measures extracellular pH or intracellular calcium changes caused by
receptor activation. In this technique, compounds may be contacted with
cells expressing the receptor polypeptide of the present invention. A
second messenger response, e.g., signal transduction, pH changes, or
changes in calcium level, is then measured to determine whether the
potential compound activates or inhibits the receptor.
Another method involves screening for receptor inhibitors by determining
inhibition or stimulation of receptor-mediated cAMP and/or adenylate
cyclase accumulation. Such a method involves transfecting a eukaryotic
cell with the receptor of this invention to express the receptor on the
cell surface. The cell is then exposed to potential antagonists in the
presence of the receptor of this invention. The amount of cAMP
accumulation is then measured. If the potential antagonist binds the
receptor, and thus inhibits receptor binding, the levels of
receptor-mediated cAMP, or adenylate cyclase, activity will be reduced or
increased.
Another methods for detecting agonists or antagonists for the receptor of
the present invention is the yeast based technology as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,482,835.
The assays may simply test binding of a candidate compound wherein
adherence to the cells bearing the receptor is detected by means of a
label directly or indirectly associated with the candidate compound or in
an assay involving competition with a labeled competitor. Further, these
assays may test whether the candidate compound results in a signal
generated by activation of the receptor, using detection systems
appropriate to the cells bearing the receptor at their surfaces.
Inhibitors of activation are generally assayed in the presence of a known
agonist and the effect on activation by the agonist by the presence of the
candidate compound is observed. Standard methods for conducting such
screening assays are well understood in the art.
Examples of potential HNFDY20 antagonists include antibodies or, in some
cases, oligonucleotides or proteins which are closely related to the
ligand of the HNFDY20, e.g., a fragment of the ligand, or small molecules
which bind to the receptor but do not elicit a response, so that the
activity of the receptor is prevented.
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Methods
This invention provides methods of treating an abnormal conditions related
to both an excess of and insufficient amounts of HNFDY20 activity.
If the activity of HNFDY20 is in excess, several approaches are available.
One approach comprises administering to a subject an inhibitor compound
(antagonist) as hereinabove described along with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier in an amount effective to inhibit activation by
blocking binding of ligands to the HNFDY20, or by inhibiting a second
signal, and thereby alleviating the abnormal condition.
In another approach, soluble forms of HNFDY20 polypeptides still capable of
binding the ligand in competition with endogenous HNFDY20 may be
administered. Typical embodiments of such competitors comprise fragments
of the HNFDY20 polypeptide.
In still another approach, expression of the gene encoding endogenous
HNFDY20 can be inhibited using expression blocking techniques. Known such
techniques involve the use of antisense sequences, either internally
generated or separately administered. See, for example, O'Connor, 3
Neurochem (1991) 56:560 in Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors
of Gene Expression, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1988). Alternatively,
oligonucleotides which form triple helices with the gene can be supplied.
See, for example, Lee et al., Nucleic Acids Res (1979) 6:3073; Cooney et
al., Science (1988) 241:456; Dervan et al., Science (1991) 251:1360. These
oligomers can be administered per se or the relevant oligomers can be
expressed in vivo.
For treating abnormal conditions related to an under-expression of HNFDY20
and its activity, several approaches are also available. One approach
comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of
a compound which activates HNFDY20, i.e., an agonist as described above,
in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, to thereby
alleviate the abnormal condition. Alternatively, gene therapy may be
employed to effect the endogenous production of HNPDY20 by the relevant
cells in the subject. For example, a polynucleotide of the invention may
be engineered for expression in a replication defective retroviral vector,
as discussed above. The retroviral expression construct may then be
isolated and introduced into a packaging cell transduced with a retroviral
plasmid vector containing RNA encoding a polypeptide of the present
invention such that the packaging cell now produces infectious viral
particles containing the gene of interest. These producer cells may be
administered to a subject for engineering cells in vivo and expression of
the polypeptide in vivo. For overview of gene therapy, see Chapter 20,
Gene Therapy and other Molecular Genetic-based Therapeutic Approaches,
(and references cited therein) in Human Molecular Genetics, T Strachan and
A P Read, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd (1996).
Formulation and Administration
Peptides, such as the soluble form of HNFDY20 polypeptides, and agonists
and antagonist peptides or small molecules, may be formulated in
combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Such formulations
comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptide or
compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Such
carriers include but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline,
dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. Formulation
should suit the mode of administration, and is well within the skill of
the art. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical packs and kits
comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the
ingredients of the aforementioned compositions of the invention.
Polypeptides and other compounds of the present invention may be employed
alone or in conjunction with other compounds, such as therapeutic
compounds.
Preferred forms of systemic administration of the pharmaceutical
compositions include injection, typically by intravenous injection. Other
injection routes, such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal,
can be used. Alternative means for systemic administration include
transmucosal and transdermal administration using penetrants such as bile
salts or fusidic acids or other detergents. In addition, if properly
formulated in enteric or encapsulated formulations, oral administration
may also be possible. Administration of these compounds may also be
topical and/or localized, in the form of salves, pastes, gels and the
like.
The dosage range required depends on the choice of peptide, the route of
administration, the nature of the formulation, the nature of the subject's
condition, and the judgment of the attending practitioner. Suitable
dosages, however, are in the range of 0.1-100 .mu.g/kg of subject. Wide
variations in the needed dosage, however, are to be expected in view of
the variety of compounds available and the differing efficiencies of
various routes of administration. For example, oral administration would
be expected to require higher dosages than administration by intravenous
injection. Variations in these dosage levels can be adjusted using
standard empirical routines for optimization, as is well understood in the
art.
Polypeptides used in treatment can also be generated endogenously in the
subject, in treatment modalities often referred to as "gene therapy" as
described above. Thus, for example, cells from a subject may be engineered
with a polynucleotide, such as a DNA or RNA, to encode a polypeptide ex
vivo, and for example, by the use of a retroviral plasmid vector. The
cells are then introduced into the subject.
EXAMPLES
The examples below are carried out using standard techniques, which are
well known and routine to those of skill in the art, except where
otherwise described in detail. The examples illustrate, but do not limit
the invention.
Example 1
A search of a random cDNA sequence database from Human Genome Sciences
consisting of short sequences known as expressed sequence tags (EST) with
7-TM domains encoding cDNA sequences using BLAST algorithm disclosed an
EST which was homologous to P2y purinoceptor like 7-transmembrane
receptor. Further analysis of the sequencing data indicated the presence
of transmembrane domains 5, 6 and 7th. The clone was missing 3' DNA
sequence (carboxy end and the stop codon) and 5' DNA sequences (upstream
stop codon, Met and 14 TMs). In order to obtain complete 3+ end sequence,
a 3' RACE PCR (Life Technologies) was performed using gene specific
primers and human testis plasmid library. PCR band was subcloned into
PCR2. 1 vector (Invitrogen) and sequenced. Sequenced assembly and analysis
showed that we have a correct 3' end. In order to obtain the missing 5'
end, a 5' RACE PCR was performed using gene specific primers and testis
library. The PCR band was subcloned, sequenced and analysed. Although we
got most of the information from this band, the clone was still missing
the 5' Met and upstream stop codon. In order to get this information, we
have used the PAC clone which was isoalted for HNFDY20 using standard
procedure. Briefly, the PAC library (A new bacteriophage P1-derived vector
for the propagation of large human DNA fragments, Nature Genet. 6, 84-89
1994)) was formatted as PCR pools representing groups of 384 well plates.
These pools were screened with HNFDY20 Specific Primer pairs using PCR
technology (Cycle: 94.degree. C. for 40 secs, 60.degree. C. for 30 secs,
72' for 30 secs, 35X and products were electrophoresed on 3%agarose gels
in IxTAE). Positive pools indicated a subset of plates which were tested
by the same PCR to identify a unique 384 plate containing the PAC clone.
The 384 clones in this plate were again screened by the samePCR method as
pools of rows and columns to identify the PAC clone containing the gene.
This clone was then sequenced with gene specific primers to obtain DNA
sequence information of a full length clone. A map analysis of the DNA
sequence using the GCG software indicated an open reading frame (ORF)
consisting of 401 amino acid residues. Further analysis of the DNA
sequence by FASTA and BLAST agorithms displayed the homology of this
polypeptide sequence to the 7-transmembrane like G-protein coupled
receptors. In addition, the hydrophobicity plot analysis using the
lasergene protean software showed several features in common with
G-protein linked receptors. Most prominent was the existence of seven
hydrophobic regions of approximately 20-30 amino acids each, which are
likely to represent membrane spanning domains providing the 7-
transmembrane structural topology found among the G-protein linked
superfamily of receptors. In order to confirm the identity of the clone
further, PCR primers were designed using the nucleotide sequence of the
open reading frame (ORF) and the DNA sequence was amplified from two more
libraries (Human fetal liver and Lucocytes). Correct size PCR bands were
subcloned into PCR2.1 vector from Invitrogen and sequenced.
Example 2
Mammalian Cell Expression
The receptors of the present invention are expressed in either human
embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells or adherent dhfr CHO cells. To
maximize receptor expression, typically all 5' and 3' untranslated regions
(UTRs) are removed from the receptor cDNA prior to insertion into a pCDN
or pCDNA3 vector. The cells are transfected with individual receptor cDNAs
by lipofectin and selected in the presence of 400 mg/lml G418. After 3
weeks of selection, individual clones are picked and expanded for further
analysis. HEK293 or CHO cells transfected with the vector alone serve as
negative controls. To isolate cell lines stably expressing the individual
receptors, about 24 clones are typically selected and analyzed by Northern
blot analysis. Receptor mRNAs are generally detectably in about 50% of the
G418-resistant clones analyzed.
Example 3
Ligand Bank for Binding and Functional Assays
A bank of over 200 putative receptor llgands has been assembled for
screening. The bank comprises: transmitters, hormones and chemolines known
to act via a human seven transmembrane (7TM) receptor; naturally occurring
compounds which may be putative agonists for a human 7TM receptor, non-
maian, biologically active peptides for which a mammalian counterpart has
not yet been identified; and compounds not found in nature, but which
activate 7TM receptors with unknown natural ligands. This bank is used to
initially screen the receptor for known ligands, using both functional
(i.e. calcium, cAMP, microphysiometer, oocyte electrophysiology, etc, see
below) as well as binding assays.
Example 4
Ligand Binding Assays
Ligand binding assays provide a direct method for ascertaining receptor
pharmacology and are adaptable to a high throughput format. The purified
ligand for a receptor is radiolabeled to high specific activity (50-2000
Ci/mmol) for binding studies. A determination is then made that the
process of radiolabeling does not diminish the activity of the ligand
towards its receptor. Assay conditions for buffers, ions, pH and other
modulators such as nucleotides are optimized to establish a workable
signal to noise ratio for both membrane and whole cell receptor sources.
For these assays, specific receptor binding is defined as total associated
radioactivity minus the radioactivity measured in the presence of an
excess of unlabeled competing ligand. Where possible, more than one
competing ligand is used to define residual nonspecific binding.
Example 5
Functional Assay in Xenopus Oocytes
Capped RNA transcripts from linearized plasmid templates encoding the
receptor cDNAs of the invention are synthesized in vitro with RNA
polymerases in accordance with standard procedures. In vitro transcripts
are suspended in water at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Ovarian
lobes are removed from adult female toads, Stage V defouliculated oocytes
are obtained, and RNA transcripts (10 ng/oocyte) are injected in a 50 nl
bolus using a microinjection apparatus. Two electrode voltage clamps are
used to measure the currents from individual Xenopus oocytes in response
to agonist exposure. Recordings are made in Ca2+ free Barth's medium at
room temperature. The Xenopus system can be used to screen known ligands
and tissue/cell extracts for activating ligands.
Example 6
Microphysiometric Assays
Activation of a wide variety of secondary messenger systems results in
extrusion of small amounts of acid from a cell. The acid formed is largely
as a result of the increased metabolic activity required to fuel the
intracellular signaling process. The pH changes in the media surrounding
the cell are very small but are detectable by the CYTOSENSOR
microphysiorneter (Molecular Devices Ltd., Menlo Park, Calif.). The
CYTOSENSOR is thus capable of detecting the activation of a receptor which
is coupled to an energy utilizing intracelluar signaling pathway such as
the G-protein coupled receptor of the present invention.
Example 7
Extract/Cell Supernatant Screening
A large number of mammalian receptors exist for which there remains, as
yet, no cognate activating ligand (agonist). Thus, active ligands for
these receptors may not be included within the ligands banks as identified
to date. Accordingly, the 7TM receptor of the invention is also
functionally screened (using calcium, cAMP, microphysiometer, oocyte
electrophysiology, etc., functional screens) against tissue extracts to
identify natural ligands. Extracts that produce positive functional
responses can be sequencially subfractionated until an activating ligand
is isolated identified.
Example 8
Calcium and cAMP Functional Assays
7TM receptors which are expressed in HEK 293 cells have been shown to be
coupled functionally to activation of PLC and calcium mobilzation and/or
cAMP stimuation or inhibition. Basal calcium levels in the HEK 293 cells
in receptor-transfected or vector control cells were observed to be in the
norrmal, 100 nM to 200 nM, range. HEK 293 cells expressing recombinant
receptors are loaded with fuira 2 and in a single day >150 selected
ligands or tissuelcell extracts are evaluated for agonist induced calcium
mobilization. Similarly, HEK 293 cells expressing recombinant receptors
are evaluated for the stimulation or inhibition of cAMP production using
standard cAMF quantitation assays. Agonists presenting a calcium transient
or cAMP fluctuation are tested in vector control cells to determine if the
response is unique to the transfected cells expressing receptor.
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