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United States Patent |
6,156,904
|
Bowden
,   et al.
|
December 5, 2000
|
Process
Abstract
5-Chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole is prepared from
2-mercaptotriazole by a multistep process involving S-alkylation,
chlorination and dehydrochlorination and is converted by oxidation to the
corresponding sulfone which is useful as an agricultural nematicide.
Inventors:
|
Bowden; Martin Charles (Brighouse, GB);
Brown; Stephen Martin (Huddersfield, GB)
|
Assignee:
|
Zeneca Limited (London, GB)
|
Appl. No.:
|
469822 |
Filed:
|
December 22, 1999 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S. Class: |
548/182 |
Intern'l Class: |
C07D 277/36 |
Field of Search: |
548/182
|
References Cited
Foreign Patent Documents |
581147 | Feb., 1994 | EP.
| |
WO95/24403 | Sep., 1995 | WO | .
|
Primary Examiner: Stockton; Laura L.
Parent Case Text
This is a divisional application of co-pending application Ser. No.
09/066,099 filed on Apr. 23, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,497.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. 2-(4-Chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole.
2. 5 -Chloro-2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole.
Description
This invention relates to a process for preparing certain thiazole
derivatives and to novel intermediates for use in the process.
International Patent Application Publication No. WO95/24403 discloses a
class of compounds of formula:
R--S(O).sub.n --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CF.sub.2
wherein R represents an optionally substituted heterocyclic group selected
from furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,
imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl,
pyazinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl groups, and n is zero or 1 or 2, said
compounds having utility as pesticides and particularly as nematicides.
Amongst these compounds those wherein R represents a chloro-substituted
thiazolyl group and n is 2 are particularly useful as agricultural
nematicides including specifically the compound
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylsulphonyl)thiazole, of formula:
##STR1##
(hereinafter called "Compound (I)").
The preparation of Compound I as disclosed in WO95/24403 involves the
reaction of 2-mercaptothiazole with 1,4-dibromo-1,1,2-trifluorobutane to
give 4-bromo-3,4,4-trifluorobutylthiothiazole. At a later stage in the
preparation the difluorobutenyl moiety is generated by debromofluorination
using metallic zinc. Although this process was used in the laboratory to
make the first sample of Compound I it is not suitable for large scale
manufacture because 1,4-dibromo-1,1,2-trifluorobutane is not readily
available and the use of metallic zinc in large scale manufacture is
potentially hazardous. It was therefore necessary to devise an alternative
process suitable for large scale manufacture which avoided the use of
1,4-dibromo-1,1,2-trifluorobutane and also avoided the use of metallic
zinc.
Any process to prepare Compound I from 2-mercaptothiazole must involve the
following elements:
(1) introduction of the 5-chloro substituent--"chlorination"
(2) introduction of the 4,4-difluorobutenyl group--"alkenylation", and
(3) oxidation of the sulfur atom in the side chain--"oxidation"
In addition in the case of the alkenylation there exists the possibility of
introducing the double bond by the use of a reactant already containing
it--"direct alkenylation", as well as the possibility using a saturated
reactant and generating the double bond at a later stage by an elimination
reaction, ie "alkylation-elimination". It will also be appreciated that
other elements of the process might be introduced in between the
"alkylation" and "elimination" steps.
In considering the requirements of the process for making Compound I using
the "direct alkenylation" approach there are in essence three different
possible sequences, which may be summarised as follows:
(a) chlorination-alkenylation-oxidation
(b) alkenylation-oxidation-chlorination
(c) alkenylation-chlorination-oxidation
and using the "alkylation-elimination" approach there are eight different
possible sequences, thus:
(d) chlorination-alkylation-elimination-oxidation
(e) chlorination-alkylation-oxidation-elimination
(f) alkylation-chlorination-oxidation-elimination
(g) alkylation-chlorination-elimination-oxidation
(h) alkylation-elimination-chlorination-oxidation
(i) alkylation-elimination-oxidation-chlorination
(j) alkylation-oxidation-chlorination-elimination
(k) alkylation-oxidation-elimination-chlorination.
It will be readily appreciated that where a process involves several
different transformations it is not possible to predict what effect the
order in which the transformations occur has on the overall efficiency of
the process.
The present invention provides a multi-stage process for the preparation of
Compound (I) in good yield which is suitable for manufacture in so far as
it avoids the use of metallic zinc and 1,4-dibromo-1,1,2-trifluorobutane.
Accordingly the invention provides a process for preparing a compound of
formula:
##STR2##
which comprises the steps of (a) reacting 2-mercaptothiazole with a
compound of formula:
X--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CClF.sub.2 (II)
where X represents a readily displaceable leaving group to obtain a
compound of formula:
##STR3##
and thereafter either (b) (i) reacting said compound of formula (III) with
a chlorinating agent to obtain a compound of formula:
##STR4##
and (ii) reacting said compound of formula (IV) with a dehydrochlorination
agent selected from alkali metal carbonates and amines to obtain a
compound of formula:
##STR5##
or (c) (i) reacting said compound of formula (III) with a
dehydrochlorination agent selected from alkali metal carbonates and amines
to obtain a compound of formula:
##STR6##
and (ii) reacting said compound of formula (VI) with a chlorinating agent
to obtain a compound of formula (V),
and (d) reacting said compound of formula (V) with an oxidising agent to
obtain the compound of formula (I).
Preferably the compound of formula (II) is 1,4-dichloro-1,1-difluorobutane.
The preparation of this compound is described in United Kingdom Patent
Application Publication no. 2304713.
The compound of formula (III), which is
2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole, and the compound of formula
(IV), which is 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole, are
new. In a further aspect the present invention provides
2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole and
5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole which are useful as
intermediates in the process of the invention. Identifying characteristics
of these compounds are given in the examples hereinafter.
Within the overall sequence of the invention process there are preferred
conditions under which each stage may be carried out. Thus step (a) is
preferably conducted in the presence of a base and solvent or diluent.
Suitable bases include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium or potassium
hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, such as sodium and potassium
carbonates, and suitable solvents include ketones, such as acetone, methyl
isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone, esters such as methyl acetate, and
polar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide.
Particularly preferred conditions for step (a) involve the use of solid
potassium carbonate in combination with a ketonic solvent.
The preferred conditions for the chlorination stage, step (b)(i) or step
(c)(ii), involve the use of sulfuryl chloride as a chlorination agent. The
chlorination may be conducted in the presence of a solvent which may for
example be a chlorinated hydrocarbon such as chloroform, or a polar
aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide.
Particularly preferred conditions involve the use sulfuryl chloride in
combinaton with a polar aprotic solvent.
The elimination steps (b)(ii) and (c)(i) involve the dehydrochlorination of
the chlorodifluorobutyl moiety to generate the double bond. This may be
accomplished by use of a base which may be an amine, such as a
trialkylamine including for example, triethylamine, or a heterocyclic base
such as pyridine or it may be an inorganic base such as an alkali metal
carbonate for example sodium or potassium carbonate. It is also preferred
to carry out this step in the presence of a solvent which may be an
alkanol such as methanol or isopropanol, an ester such as ethyl acetate,
or a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide.
Particularly preferred conditions involve the use of solid potassium
carbonate in the presence of a polar aprotic solvent.
Suitable oxidising agents for use in step (d) include for example, hydrogen
peroxide, and peracids, such as peracetic acid, which may be generated in
situ by adding hydrogen peroxide to glacial acetic acid.
The efficacy of each stage of the invention process can also be improved by
conducting it within an an appropriate temperate range. It is preferred to
conduct each stage at an elevated temperature, as follows: step (a) from
50.degree. C. to the reflux temperature, preferably the reflux
temperature; step (b)(i) and step (c)(ii) from 40 to 70.degree. C.,
preferably ca. 45.degree. C. step (b)(ii) and step (c)(i) from 60 to
130.degree. C., preferably ca. 120.degree. C.; and step (d) from 45 to
75.degree. C., preferably 55 to 60.degree. C.
Each of the stages of the invention process is preferably conducted at the
ambient atmospheric pressure.
The process of the invention is illustrated by the following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
This Example illustrates the preparation of
2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole.
Solid anhydrous potassium carbonate (9.33 g) was added in two portions to a
stirred mixture of 2-mercaptothiazole (7.90 g),
1,4-dichloro-1,1-difluorobutane (9.70 g) and acetone (150 ml) under a
nitrogen atmosphere, and the resultant mixture heated at the reflux
temperature for 4 hours. After cooling to the ambient temperature the
solid component was removed by filtration and washed with acetone
(2.times.50 ml) and the combined washings and filtrate concentrated by
evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure. Diethyl ether (150 ml)
was added to the residue and the resultant solution washed with aqueous
potassium carbonate solution (2.times.100 ml) and with water (100 ml).
After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate the solution was
concentrated by removal of the solvent by evaporation under reduced
pressure to yield 2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole (13.98 g,
94%).
.sup.1 Hnmr (CDCl.sub.3): 2.00-2.20 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.30-2.60 (m, 2H,
CH2CF2Cl), 3.30 (t, 2H, CH2S), 7.25 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.65 (d, 1H, ArH).
GCMS: 243 (M.sup.+), 208 (M--Cl).sup.+, 174 (M--CH2CF2Cl).sup.+, 144, 130,
117.
EXAMPLE 2
This Example illustrates the preparation of
5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole.
A solution of sulfuryl chloride (2.94 g) and chloroform (10 ml) was added
dropwise over a period of one hour to a stirred mixture of
2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole (4.85 g), and dimethylacetamide
(47 g) maintained at 45.degree. C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and the
resultant mixture stirred for a further one hour. A further aliquot of
sulfuryl chloride (0.58 g) dissolved in chloroform (5.0 ml) was then added
over 45 minutes and the mixture stirred for a further 30 minutes. After
cooling the reaction mixture to the ambient temperature water (50 ml) was
added and the mixture extracted with hexane (3.times.50 ml). The hexane
solution was washed with water (50 ml), saturated aqueous sodium
bicarbonate solution (50 ml) and water (50 ml) and then dried over
anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent by evaporation under
reduced pressure yielded of
5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole (5.01 g, 87%).
.sup.1 H nmr (CDCl.sub.3): 2.00-2.20 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.40-2.60 (m, 2H,
CH2CF2Cl), 3.30, t, 2H, CH2S), 7.45 (s, 1H, ArH).
.sup.13 C nmr (CDCl.sub.3): 23(s), 33(s), 41(t), 126(s), 130(t), 141(s),
162(s).
MS: 277 (M.sup.+), 242, 208, 178, 165, 151.
EXAMPLE 3
This Example illustrates the preparation of
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole.
A mixture of 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole (4.75 g),
powdered potassium carbonate (3.47 g) and dimethylacetamide (47 g) was
maintained at a temperature of 120.degree. C. under a nitrogen atmosphere
for a period of 18 hours and then cooled to the ambient temperature. Water
(50 ml) was added and the mixture extracted with hexane (3.times.50 ml).
The combined extracts were washed with water (2.times.50 ml), dried over
anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated by evaporation of the solvent
under reduced pressure to yield of
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole (3.65 g, 86%).
.sup.1 H nmr (CDCl.sub.3): 2.35-2.55 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.25, t, 2H, CH2S), 4.25
(dt, 1H, CH.dbd.CF2), 7.45 (s, 1H, ArH).
.sup.13 C nmr (CDCl.sub.3): 23(s), 34(s), 77(t), 125(s), 142(s), 157(t),
163(s).
MS: 241(M.sup.+), 208, 164, 151.
IR (cm.sup.-1): 1750 (C.dbd.CF.sub.2).
EXAMPLE 4
This Example illustrates the preparation of
2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole.
A mixture of 2-(4-chloro-4,4-difluorobutylthio)thiazole (1.01 g), powdered
potassium carbonate (0.85 g) and dimethylacetamide (10 ml) was maintained
at a temperature of 120.degree. C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for a
period of 18 hours and then cooled to the ambient temperature. Water (20
ml) was added and the mixture extracted with hexane (3.times.20 ml). The
combined extracts were washed with water (2.times.20 ml), dried over
anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated by evaporation of the solvent
under reduced pressure to yield of 2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-nylthio)thiazole
(0.90 g, 98%).
.sup.1 H nmr (CDCl.sub.3): 2.40-2.55 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.25, t, 2H, CH2S), 4.30
(dt, 1H, CH.dbd.CF2), 7.25 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.70 (d, 1H, ArH).
MS: 207(M.sup.+), 174, 117.
IR (cm.sup.-1): 1750 (C.dbd.CF.sub.2).
EXAMPLE 5
This Example illustrates the preparation of
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole.
A solution of sulfuryl chloride (0.66 g) and chloroform (2.0 ml) was added
dropwise over a period of 1.5 hour to a stirred mixture of
2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole (1.01 g), and dimethylformamide (10
ml) maintained at 45.degree. C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and the
resultant mixture stirred for a further 2.5 hour. A further aliquot of
sulfuryl chloride (0.07 g) dissolved in chloroform (1.0 ml) was then added
over 15 minutes and the mixture stirred at 45.degree. C. for 16 hours. A
third portion of sulfuryl chloride (0.07 g) in chloroform (1.0 ml) was
added over 30 minutes with the mixture being stirred for a further 2
hours, following which a final portion of the sulfuryl chloride (0.07 g)
in chloroform (1.0 ml) was added and the mixture stirred for a final
period of 30 minutes. After cooling the reaction mixture to the ambient
temperature water (20ml) was added and the mixture extracted with hexane
(25 ml). The pH of the aqueous portion was adjusted to pH7 with 10% sodium
hydroxide solution and extracted with hexane (25 ml). The combined hexane
extracts were washed with water (2.times.20 ml) and then dried over
anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent by evaporation under
reduced pressure yielded of
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole (1.13 g, 88%), identical
to the product of Example 3.
EXAMPLE 6
This Example illustrates the preparation of
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylsulfonyl)thiazole.
Hydrogen peroxide (0.77 g) was added to a mixture of
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylthio)thiazole (1.94 g) and glacial
acetic acid (21 g) at a temperature of 55-60.degree. C. and the resultant
mixture maintained at this temperature for 6 hours. After cooling the
mixture to 5.degree. C. and adding sufficient 47% sodium hydroxide
solution to adjust the pH to 6 the mixture was diluted with water (20 ml)
and extracted with chloroform (3.times.20 ml). The combined extracts were
washed with water (20 ml), sodium bisulfite solution (20 ml), and water
(20 ml) and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent
by evaporation under reduced pressure yielded
5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylsulfonyl)thiazole (1.95 g, 82%).
.sup.1 H nmr (CDCl.sub.3): 2.50-2.70 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.45, t, 2H, CH2SO2),
4.25 (dt, 1H, CH.dbd.CF2), 7.85 (s, 1H, ArH).
MS: 208(M.sup.+), 188, 170, 119, 90.
IR (cm.sup.31 1): 1138 (SO.sub.2), 1170 (SO.sub.2), 1330 (SO.sub.2), 1750
(C.dbd.CF.sub.2).
The through yield of 5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluorobut-3-enylsulfonyl)thiazole
with respect to 2-mercaptothiazole by the process of the invention
illustrated by Examples 1, 2, 3 and 6 is 57.7%. The through yield with
respect to 2-mercaptothiazole by the process of the invention represented
by Examples 1, 4, 5 and 6 is 66.5%.
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