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United States Patent |
6,118,373
|
Mandry
|
September 12, 2000
|
Method of remotely detecting an ambient condition
Abstract
The present invention provides a remote detection device including a
conventional measurement device, such as a thermostat, having an internal
contact which is wired in series with a resistor and two wires of a
standard telephone line. When the measurement device reaches or surpasses
a predetermined set value, such as a predetermined temperature, the
measurement device will close the internal contact such that the resistor
will short the telephone line. Accordingly, the owner or manager of a
building will receive a busy signal when dialing the telephone line
connected to the remote detection device. The device, therefore, allows
the building owner or manager to check on the condition of the building at
any time. The device is not susceptible to breakdown or malfunction due to
its simplicity. Moreover, the device is not susceptible to shutdown
because the device is passive and does not require connection to a power
source for operation. In another embodiment the remote detection device
may comprise a computer program component which periodically monitors the
status of a communication line connected to the measurement device at the
remote location.
Inventors:
|
Mandry; Karl F. (P.O. Box 4415, Sun River, OR 97707)
|
Appl. No.:
|
219233 |
Filed:
|
December 22, 1998 |
Current U.S. Class: |
340/533; 340/531; 340/650; 379/2; 379/33; 379/102.01 |
Intern'l Class: |
G08B 001/00; H04M 001/24 |
Field of Search: |
340/533,508,506,531,537,650,651
379/1,2,100.05,102.01,102.03
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
3588866 | Jun., 1971 | Schlafly, Jr. et al. | 340/533.
|
3801971 | Apr., 1974 | Stendig et al. | 340/533.
|
3872355 | Mar., 1975 | Klein et al. | 340/533.
|
4086434 | Apr., 1978 | Bocchi | 379/102.
|
4104486 | Aug., 1978 | Martin et al. | 379/102.
|
4218677 | Aug., 1980 | Wilson, Jr. et al. | 340/506.
|
4241237 | Dec., 1980 | Parasekvakos et al. | 379/102.
|
4455453 | Jun., 1984 | Parasekvakos et al. | 340/825.
|
4622541 | Nov., 1986 | Stockdale | 340/566.
|
4737769 | Apr., 1988 | Masot | 340/533.
|
4788714 | Nov., 1988 | Hashimoto | 379/74.
|
4845773 | Jul., 1989 | Attallah | 379/102.
|
5119412 | Jun., 1992 | Attallah | 379/102.
|
5293755 | Mar., 1994 | Thomas | 62/208.
|
5822418 | Oct., 1998 | Yacenda et al. | 379/201.
|
Primary Examiner: Crosland; Donnie L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: McTaggart; Ingrid
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of determining whether an ambient condition at a remote
location has reached a predetermined threshold value, comprising the steps
of:
providing a measurement device including a switch movable from an open to a
closed position upon said ambient condition reaching said predetermined
threshold value;
providing a telephone line at said remote location, wherein said telephone
line includes a first wire and a second wire, and wherein said telephone
line at said remote location can be called from a location different from
said remote location;
providing a shorting device operable to short said telephone line at said
remote location, wherein said first wire of the telephone line is
connected to the switch, wherein the switch is connected to the shorting
device, and wherein said second wire of the telephone line is connected to
the shorting device to define an electrical circuit; and
calling said telephone line at said remote location wherein said telephone
line at said remote location gives a busy signal when said switch is in
said closed position thereby indicating said ambient condition at said
remote location has reached said predetermined threshold value, and
wherein said telephone line at said remote location gives a ringing signal
when said switch is in said open position thereby indicating said ambient
condition at said remote location has not reached said predetermined
threshold value.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a second
measurement device including a second switch movable between an open and a
closed position upon a second ambient condition reaching a predetermined
threshold value, wherein said second measurement device is connected in
parallel to said measurement device.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said shorting device is a resistor.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said resistor is a coiled wire resistor
having a resistance of approximately a 1,000 ohms.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said measurement device is chosen from the
group consisting of a temperature measurement device, a smoke measurement
device, a fire measurement device, a humidity measurement device, a light
measurement device, a wind measurement device, a vibration measurement
device, a noise measurement device, and a water level measurement device.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said measurement device is self-powered.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the measurement device is adjustable to
define said predetermined threshold value of said ambient condition.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of calling said telephone line
is conducted by an automatic dialing device positioned remote from said
measurement device and said shorting device.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a remote detection device, and more
particularly, to a remote detection device for use in remotely determining
whether a threshold value of a predetermined parameter, such as
temperature, has been reached or surpassed in a detection location,
wherein the device does not require connection to a power source for
operation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Measurement devices are well known to measure a predetermined parameter at
a measurement location. For example, conventional thermostats typically
measure the ambient temperature of a location surrounding the thermostat.
Such conventional thermostats often are connected to control devices, such
as heaters or coolers, so that when the measured temperature falls below a
preset value the heating device will be activated or when the measured
temperature rises above a different preset value the cooling device will
be activated. Similarly, other measurement devices are known to measure
other conditions such as smoke, fire, humidity, light, wind, vibration,
noise, water level and the like. These other measurement devices may also
be connected to corresponding control devices such as a sprinkler system
in the case of smoke and fire detectors, and a water release valve in the
case of a water level detector.
In many situations, these measurement and control devices may be located
remote from those persons responsible for safekeeping of the building in
which the devices are housed. For example, unattended or unoccupied
buildings such as warehouses or vacant residential properties may be
visited by the owners or managers of the property only on a monthly or, in
some cases, only on a yearly basis. The owners or managers of such
buildings, however, have an interest in determining, prior to such monthly
or yearly visits, whether the condition of the building is unsatisfactory.
For example, owners or managers have an interest in determining whether
the temperature and other conditions of the building are being maintained
at a satisfactory level so that the building and its contents will not be
damaged.
Accordingly, several devices have been developed which actively notify the
owner or manager of a building upon a condition within the building
reaching or surpassing a predetermined set point. For example, devices are
known which may be connected to a telephone line wherein the device causes
the telephone line to actively call a predetermined telephone number when
an alarm condition, such as the presence of smoke or fire, is detected. In
addition, devices are known which allow a measurement or control device to
be adjusted from a remote location by use of signals generated by a
telephone or a modem.
These conventional notification devices suffer from several disadvantages.
These devices often require complicated circuitry for operation and,
therefore, are susceptible to breakdown or malfunction. In addition, these
devices respond actively to a predetermined measurement condition such
that the devices must be battery operated or directly wired to a power
source. Accordingly, these devices will not function when power to the
device is interrupted such as by malfunction of the power source or
expiration of the batteries. A malfunctioning or a non-powered device will
not actively notify a building owner or manager upon the onset of an alarm
condition, thereby giving the owner or manager a false sense of security
regarding the condition of the unattended building.
Accordingly, there is a need for a remote detection device that allows an
owner or manager of an unattended or unoccupied building to determine the
condition of the building from a remote location. Moreover, there is a
need for a remote detection device wherein operation of the device is not
dependent upon connection to a power source or the operation of batteries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a remote
detection device that allows the remote determination of whether a
condition, such as temperature, has reached or surpassed a predetermined
threshold level in a detection location.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a remote detection
device that does not require complicated circuitry or components.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a remote
detection device wherein the device does not require connection to a power
source for operation.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a remote
detection device that may include an automatic dialing component which
periodically monitors the status of a communication line connected to a
measurement device at the remote location.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a remote detection device that
comprises a conventional measurement device, such as a thermostat, having
an internal contact that is wired in series with a resistor and the two
wires of a standard telephone line. Accordingly, when the measurement
device reaches or surpasses a predetermined set value, such as a
predetermined temperature, the measurement device will close the internal
contact whereupon the resistor will short the telephone line. Accordingly,
the owner or manager of a building will receive a busy signal when dialing
the telephone line connected to the remote detection device. The device,
therefore, allows the building owner or manager to determine the condition
of the building at any time. The device is generally not susceptible to
breakdown or malfunction due to its simplicity. Moreover, the device is
not susceptible to shutdown because the device does not require connection
to a power source for operation. In another embodiment the remote
detection device may comprise an automatic dialing component which
periodically monitors the status of a communication line connected to the
measurement device at the remote location.
The subject matter of the present invention is particularly pointed out and
distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of this specification.
However, both the organization and method of operation, together with
further advantages and objects thereof, may best be understood by
reference to the following description taken in connection with
accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to like
elements.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the
remote detection device showing the outer housing of the device;
FIG. 2 is a rear perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the remote
detection device of FIG. 1 with the back plate of the outer housing
removed and showing the internal wiring of the device;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the preferred embodiment of the remote
detection device showing a wiring diagram of the internal wiring of the
device;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the remote
detection device showing a wiring diagram of the internal wiring of the
device having multiple measurement devices positioned within a single
remote detection device; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the remote
detection device showing an automatic dialing component connected via a
communication line to a measurement device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIG. 1, which is a front perspective view of the preferred
embodiment of the remote detection device showing the outer housing of the
device, remote detection device 10, also called a remote indication
device, comprises an outer housing 12 including a front cover 14 and a
back plate 16. Back plate 16 generally is connected to a mounting bracket
(not shown) thereby securing the device to a wall at a position adjacent
to a telephone jack (not shown). Front cover 14 includes a plurality of
apertures 18, also referred to as air vents, which allow the internal
measurement device (shown in FIG. 2) to sense ambient conditions. The
front cover also generally includes an aperture 20 which allows a standard
telephone line 22 to communicate with an interior 24 of the outer housing.
Standard telephone line 22 may comprise any type of communication line or
method that is used to communicate with or within remote indication device
10. For example, the communication line may comprise a non-wired system
such as a satellite system.
In the preferred embodiment the outer housing has a length 26 of
approximately 5 inches (in) (12.5 centimeters (cm)), a width 28 of
approximately 3 in (7.5 cm), and a depth 30 of approximately 2.5 in (6.3
cm). This configuration allows a standard wall mount thermostat to be
positioned within the outer housing and placed in series with the
individual wires of the standard telephone line. The remote detection
device may be manufactured in any size as is required to house or
communicate with any known measurement device.
Referring to FIG. 2, which is a rear perspective view of the preferred
embodiment of the remote detection device of FIG. 1 with the back plate
removed and showing the internal wiring of the device, remote detection
device 10 comprises a measurement device 32 housed in interior 24 of outer
housing 12. Measurement device 32, in the embodiment shown, comprises a
thermostat for measuring the ambient temperature of air surrounding the
device. In other embodiments, measurement device 32 may comprise a device
that detects smoke, fire, humidity, light, wind, vibration, noise, water
level or the like. In each case, measurement device 32 will preferably be
housed within the outer housing of remote detection device 10. In other
embodiments, detection device 32 may be mounted on a wall or the like
wherein outer housing 12 houses the associated wiring, as will be
described below, and is positioned adjacent to the measurement device.
Still referring to FIG. 2, thermostat 32 comprises a first contact plate 34
and a second contact plate 36, each in contact with the internal
components of thermostat 32. As will be understood by those skilled in the
art, thermostat 32 is a conventional thermostat that generally includes a
sensing unit comprising an expandable liquid, a bimetallic strip, or a
spring bellows, so as to allow the unit to detect an ambient temperature
without the need for an associated power source. In the preferred
embodiment as shown, thermostat 32 includes a bimetallic strip housed
internally within a housing 38 of thermostat 32. As will be understood by
those skilled in the art, the term sensing unit may also denote an
internal contact, a switch, or the like.
Thermostat 32 further includes a control level 40 that typically is
positioned adjacent the desired ambient temperature on a temperature scale
42. Accordingly, with control level 40 adjusted to the desired ambient
temperature, when the ambient temperature of the detection location
surrounding outer housing 12 falls to or below the desired ambient
temperature, the internal bimetallic strip within the thermostat will
cause an internal contact within the thermostat to close thereby
electrically connecting the first and second contact plates in an
electrical loop. The bimetallic strip will facilitate automatic reset of
the detection device once the ambient temperature rises above the desired
ambient temperature. In other words, when the ambient temperature of the
detection location surrounding outer housing 12 rises above the desired
ambient temperature, the internal bimetallic strip within the thermostat
will again cause the internal contact within the thermostat to open
thereby electrically disconnecting the first and second contact plates
from forming an electrical loop.
In other embodiments, thermostat 32 may comprise a second control lever
that typically is positioned adjacent a second desired ambient temperature
on temperature scale 42. Accordingly, with the control level adjusted to
the second desired ambient temperature, when the ambient temperature of
the detection location surrounding outer housing 12 rises above the second
desired ambient temperature, a second internal bimetallic strip within the
thermostat will cause a second internal contact within the thermostat to
close thereby electrically connecting the first and second contact plates
in an electrical loop. Accordingly, the first and second internal contacts
are positioned in a parallel electrical arrangement so that either contact
will facilitate closure of the electrical loop. In such an embodiment, the
thermostat allows remote detection of whether the ambient temperature of
the detection location surrounding the outer housing is below a
predetermined threshold limit and whether the ambient temperature of the
detection location surrounding the outer housing is above a second
predetermined threshold limit. Similarly, other measurement devices may
have multiple threshold limits that can be remotely detected as will be
described below.
Still referring to FIG. 2, standard telephone line 22 is threaded into
interior 24 of outer housing through aperture 20. Aperture 20 generally
includes a safety bumper 44 made of a flexible material so as to prevent
damage to the telephone line. Line 22 generally extends through interior
24 to a position adjacent contact plates 34 and 36. At this position, an
outer sheath 45 of telephone line 22 has been removed to expose the four
individual wires which together make up standard telephone line 22. The
four individual wires typically comprise a red wire 46, a green wire 48, a
yellow wire 50 and a black wire 52. Green wire 48 is secured to first
contact plate 34 by a fastener 54, typically a threaded screw. Red wire 46
is connected to a first lead wire 56 of a resistor 58 by a wire connector
60. A second lead wire 62 of resistor 58 is connected to second contact
plate 36 by a fastener 64, typically a threaded screw. Yellow and black
wires 50 and 52 of telephone line 22 remain unconnected and unused in this
embodiment. Accordingly, in this configuration, the red and green
individual wires, the thermostat and the resistor are connected in series
to create an electrical loop. The loop is open or closed depending on the
corresponding open or closed position of the internal electrical contact
switch of thermostat 32. Those skilled in the art will understand the
internal electrical switch is movable between an open and a closed
position but that the switch may comprise any device, including a solid
state device, with no movable parts.
In the preferred embodiment, resistor 58 is a coiled wire type resistor
having a resistance of approximately 1000 ohms. As will be understood by
those skilled in the art, resistor 58 may comprise any know resistance
device, any known resistance value, or any known communication line
shorting device, as is required for the particular application. In
particular, resistor 58 generally will be manufactured of a material and
in a size which allows the shorting of a standard telephone line when
connected thereto. Moreover, as will be understood by those skilled in the
art, resistor 58 may comprise any known shorting device that is capable of
shorting a communication line or method so as to allow remote detection of
the desired condition.
Referring to FIG. 3, which is a schematic diagram of the preferred
embodiment of the remote detection device showing a wiring diagram of the
internal wiring of the device, wiring diagram 66 shows outer housing 12
which houses measurement device 32, such as a thermostat, and resistor 58.
The thermostat and the resistor are connected in series with the red and
green wires 46 and 48, respectively, of standard telephone line 22 to form
a circuit 68. In the preferred embodiment, measurement device 32 includes
an internal contact (not shown) movable between an open position and a
closed position. Movement of the internal contact to the closed position
will place circuit 68 in the closed position whereas movement of the
internal contact to the open position will place circuit 68 in the open
position. In the closed position, red wire 46 and green wire 48 are
connected to resistor 58 such that the resistor will short telephone line
22. In other words, when thermostat 32 reaches a predetermined threshold
value of the detected condition, the internal bimetallic strip of the
thermostat will form a closed circuit such that resistor 58 connects wires
46 and 48. As stated above, the switch may be a solid state device that
moves, or switches, between an open and a closed position.
Referring to FIG. 4, which is a schematic diagram of another preferred
embodiment of the remote detection device showing a wiring diagram of the
internal wiring of the device having multiple measurement devices
positioned within a single remote detection device, multiple measurement
devices 32, 70, 72 and 74 are shown connected in parallel, wherein the
parallel arrangement of the multiple measurement devices is shown
connected in series with the remainder of remote detection device 10. The
multiple detection devices may comprise a thermostat, a smoke detector, a
wind detector, and a humidity detector, for example. Accordingly, if any
one or more of the multiple detection devices passes their desired
threshold condition value, circuit 76 will be closed thereby shorting
telephone line 22. In other words, if any one or more of the measured
conditions passes its corresponding desired threshold level, or moves
outside its corresponding desired range, circuit 76 will be closed thereby
connecting telephone wires 46 and 48.
Operation of remote detection device 10 will now be described. Remote
detection device 10 preferably is positioned adjacent to telephone line
22. Front cover 14 of the remote detection device is removed from back
plate 16 thereby exposing first and second contacts 34 and 36 of
thermostat 32. Telephone line 22 is threaded through aperture 20 of the
outer housing such that the telephone line communicates with interior 24
of the housing. The outer sheath of the telephone wire is removed within
the housing so that the red, green, yellow and black wires of telephone
line 22 are exposed. Red wire 46 of the standard telephone line is
connected to resistor 58, which is in turn connected to second contact
plate 36. Green wire 48 of the standard telephone line is connected to
first contact plate 34.
Control lever 40 is adjusted along temperature scale 42 to a desired
threshold temperature. In this example, the desired threshold temperature
is chosen as the minimum ambient temperature that the building owner or
manager finds acceptable as a building temperature. In other words, the
desired threshold temperature may be chosen as the temperature where the
building or its contents may begin to become damaged. For example, the
desired threshold temperature may be set at 58.degree. F., indicating that
the owner or manager of the building desires the ambient temperature of
the building to remain above 58.degree. F. at all times. The threshold
value may also be set several degrees above the temperature at which the
building or its contents may become damaged so as to allow detection of a
broken furnace, for example, prior to any damage being incurred to the
contents of the building. Once the threshold temperature is chosen by
positioning of control lever 40, the control lever may be adjustably
secured in place by any known means, such as by standard hook and pile
material, pins or the like.
Back plate 16 of remote detection device 10 is then fastened to front cover
14, taking care to ensure that none of the wires are pinched between the
front cover and the back plate. A spacer may be positioned between
measurement device 32 and the front cover or the back plate to ensure that
the measurement device cannot be jolted or otherwise moved within outer
housing 12. The device is then mounted on a surface, such as the interior
wall of a building, adjacent to the telephone line. Once mounted, the
installer must take care to ensure that apertures 18 are not blocked so
that measurement device 32 is able to sense ambient conditions within the
building. Changing the desired threshold temperature, or changing the
threshold limit of any detected condition, once the unit has been mounted
is accomplished in much the same manner, as will be understood by those
skilled in the art.
In this connected and mounted position the internal bimetallic strip of
thermostat 32 will continuously sense the ambient temperature without the
need for connection to a hard wired power source and without the need of
batteries or other independent power sources. When the ambient temperature
of the detection location surrounding the remote detection device is above
the desired threshold temperature, for example, in cold locations, the
internal contact of thermostat 32 will remain open. Under these
conditions, when a person dials the telephone number associated with
telephone line 22, the person will hear an open telephone line signal,
i.e., the telephone line will give a normal ringing sound. This will
indicate to the person calling that the ambient temperature of the
unoccupied or unattended building is above the desired threshold
temperature. The person calling can be assured that the open telephone
line is not due to a power shortage because remote detection device 10 is
passive and does not require connection to a power source for operation.
Moreover, due to the simplicity of the remote detection device, the person
calling can be relatively sure that the device has not malfunctioned. The
remote detection device, therefore, allows the condition of a building to
be checked without physically travelling to the building and with the
assurance that the positive indication from the remote detection device is
not due to a power failure or a malfunctioning measurement device. As will
be understood by those skilled in the art, in hot desert or tropical
locations the thermostat may by set up to detect the point at which the
ambient temperature rises above a desired threshold temperature.
In colder locations, as discussed above, when the ambient temperature of
the detection location surrounding the remote detection device falls to or
below the desired threshold temperature, the internal contact of
thermostat 32 will close, completing the wiring circuit. This will connect
the red and green wires of telephone line 22 through resistor 58. Under
these conditions, when a person dials the telephone number associated with
telephone wire 22, the person will hear a closed telephone line signal,
i.e., the telephone line will give a busy signal. This indicates to the
person calling that the ambient temperature of the building has fallen to
or below the desired threshold temperature. The manager or owner of the
building is thereby alerted to a potentially dangerous or financially
damaging condition and is able to take immediate action.
In another embodiment, another measurement device or another control lever
can be included within the remote detection device such that a person can
determine if the ambient temperature of a building is within a desired
temperature range. Moreover, measurement device 32 may comprise any known
measurement device such as a device that detects smoke, fire, humidity,
light, wind, vibration, noise, water level or the like. In still other
preferred embodiments, several measurement devices, each measuring a
distinct condition, may be wired in parallel with each other, the parallel
arrangement being wired in series with the remainder of remote detection
device 10, such that a person calling the single telephone line 22 will
hear a normal ringing sound if all conditions have not reached or
surpassed a desired threshold condition setting, or are within a desired
condition range if two control levers are used in the detection of each
condition. If a person calling the single telephone line hears a busy
signal, the busy signal will indicate that one or more of the conditions
measured has moved to or beyond the desired threshold value or range
limits.
Referring to FIG. 5, which is a schematic diagram of another preferred
embodiment of the remote detection device showing an automatic dialing
component connected via a communication line to a measurement device,
remote detection device 10 comprises a computer component 78, also called
a dialing device, connected via communication line 22 to a circuit 80.
Accordingly, in this embodiment, the entirety of device 10 is not
contained within housing 12. Computer component 78 may comprise an entire
computer including a computer program dedicated to periodically dialing a
telephone number associated with measurement device 32 and shorting device
58. In other embodiments, computer component 78 may comprise a computer
subprogram that is periodically activated to dial the telephone number
associated with measurement device 32 and shorting device 58. In other
embodiments, dialing device 78 may comprise any device that functions to
periodically determine the status of communication line 22 associated with
measurement device 32 and shorting device 58.
Dialing device 78 preferably includes an alarm signal, or is connected to
an alarm device 82, so that upon encountering a busy signal when dialing
the telephone number associated with measurement device 32, the alarm
signal or device will be activated. Accordingly, the proactive, powered
component of remote detection device 10, namely the dialing and alarm
devices, can be located at a building owner's or a building manager's
office and the passive, non-powered component of remote detection device
10, namely the detection and shorting devices, can be positioned at the
remote location. In this manner, the condition of a building at the remote
location can be actively and periodically monitored without the necessity
of a powered measurement device positioned at the remote location and
without the constant attention of the building owner or manager. As will
be understood by those skilled in the art, the remote detection device may
be used at remote locations which do not include buildings, such as
agricultural or livestock locations, water reservoirs, river crossings, or
the like.
In one preferred embodiment, dialing device 78 may comprise a computer
program that accesses a database of telephone numbers wherein the program
is activated to call each of the telephone numbers thereby to detect the
status of each corresponding communication line. Upon encountering a busy
signal from any of the communication lines, a corresponding alarm signal
will be generated. In this manner, a single monitoring site may be
constructed wherein multiple non-powered, remote locations are monitored.
Upon encountering each normal open circuit, i.e., a ringing telephone
signal, the dialing device may be constructed to note the time of the
communication and the status of the communication line for documentation
purposes. Accordingly, the remote detection device of the present
invention is constructed to use the open or closed condition of a
communication line to assess the condition of a remote location without
requiring power at the remote location.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and
described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many
changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention
in its broader aspects. The appended claims are intended to cover,
therefore, all such changes and modifications as fall within the true
spirit and scope of the invention.
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