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| United States Patent |
6,099,855
|
|
Mullerat
, et al.
|
August 8, 2000
|
Therapeutic, production and immunostimulatory uses of biocidal
compositions
Abstract
The invention relates to improved methods of raising and treating food
animals, which employ pH-buffered, redox-stabilized compositions
comprising halide and oxyhalide ions. The compositions can be administered
to food animals to effect enhanced food utilization, lower mortality,
decreased nitrogen excretion, decreased dependence on antibiotics and
vaccines, overall enhanced health and immunostimulation in the animals.
| Inventors:
|
Mullerat; Jaime (Raleigh, NC);
Curby; William A. (Haingham, MA);
Hazlett; David A. (Chapel Hill, NC);
Kilpatrick; Peter (Cary, NC)
|
| Assignee:
|
Bioxy, Inc. (Raleigh, NC)
|
| Appl. No.:
|
668213 |
| Filed:
|
June 21, 1996 |
| Current U.S. Class: |
424/442; 424/661; 424/662; 424/663; 424/665; 424/723 |
| Intern'l Class: |
A61K 032/14; A61K 033/20; A61K 030/00 |
| Field of Search: |
424/661,662,663,665,723,442
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
| Re31779 | Dec., 1984 | Alliger.
| |
| 2379335 | Jun., 1945 | Baker.
| |
| 2575670 | Nov., 1951 | MacMahon.
| |
| 3123521 | Mar., 1964 | Wentworth et al.
| |
| 3316173 | Apr., 1967 | Mills et al.
| |
| 3585147 | Jun., 1971 | Gordon.
| |
| 3873696 | Mar., 1975 | Randeri et al.
| |
| 4104190 | Aug., 1978 | Hartshorn.
| |
| 4201756 | May., 1980 | Saeman et al.
| |
| 4296102 | Oct., 1981 | Laso.
| |
| 4296103 | Oct., 1981 | Laso.
| |
| 4317814 | Mar., 1982 | Laso.
| |
| 4330531 | May., 1982 | Alliger.
| |
| 4507285 | Mar., 1985 | Kuhne.
| |
| 4574084 | Mar., 1986 | Berger.
| |
| 4604968 | Aug., 1986 | Christensen.
| |
| 4610882 | Sep., 1986 | Laurent et al.
| |
| 4690772 | Sep., 1987 | Tell et al.
| |
| 4725437 | Feb., 1988 | Kuhne.
| |
| 4766646 | Aug., 1988 | Parker.
| |
| 4822512 | Apr., 1989 | Auchincloss.
| |
| 4851222 | Jul., 1989 | Kuhne.
| |
| 4880638 | Nov., 1989 | Gordon.
| |
| 4889654 | Dec., 1989 | Mason et al.
| |
| 5069922 | Dec., 1991 | Brotsky et al.
| |
| 5185161 | Feb., 1993 | Davidson et al.
| |
| 5208057 | May., 1993 | Greenley et al.
| |
| 5389390 | Feb., 1995 | Kross.
| |
| 5830511 | Nov., 1998 | Mullerat et al.
| |
| Foreign Patent Documents |
| 0 200 157 | Nov., 1986 | EP.
| |
| 0 093 875 | Nov., 1987 | EP.
| |
| 95/02965 | Feb., 1995 | WO.
| |
Other References
Ullmann, et al., Infection 12, pp. 225-229, 1984.
Mullerat, et al., Meat Focus International, pp. 68-69, Feb. 1994.
Mullerat, et al., J. of Food Protection 57, pp. 596-603, 1994.
Babior, B.M. in The Biology and Chemistry of Active Oxygen, pp. 190-207,
Bannister and Bannister, Eds., Elsevier, 1984.
Gordon, et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, pp. 468-474, 1991.
Brawn, et al., Acta Physiol. Scand., Suppl. 492:pp. 9-18, 1980.
Kuhne, et al., Infection 13, pp. 52-56, 1985.
Ennen, et al., AIDS 7, pp. 1205-1212, 1993.
Gordon, et al., Research and Technology, pp. 89-97, Sep. 1993.
Gordon, et al., Research and Technology, pp. 160-165, Apr. 1990.
|
Primary Examiner: Page; Thurman K.
Assistant Examiner: Seidleck; Brian K.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: White & Case LLP
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
08/363,176, filed Dec. 23, 1994, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,511
on Nov. 3, 1998 and which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser.
No. 08/260,624, filed Jun. 16, 1994, abandoned, which is a continuation of
application Ser. No. 07/904,160, filed Jun. 25, 1992, abandoned.
Claims
We claim:
1. A therapeutic and production method for enhancing feed utilization,
decreasing the dependence on vaccines and antibiotics, stimulating the
immune system and decreasing mortality rate of healthy or infected food
animals selected from the group consisting of cattle, swine, poultry,
sheep and goats, which comprises orally administering to the animals an
effective amount of a pH-buffered, redox-stabilized composition comprising
a chlorite ion source, a chloride ion source and a chlorate ion source
wherein the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chlorate ion is in the range
from 2:1 to 1000:1; the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chloride ion is in
the range from 0.1:1 to 1000:1; and the molar ratio of chloride ion to
chlorate ion is in the range from 0.1:1 to 1000:1.
2. A therapeutic and production method for enhancing feed utilization,
decreasing the dependence on vaccines and antibiotics, stimulating the
immune system and decreasing mortality rate of healthy or infected food
animals selected from the group consisting of cattle, swine, poultry,
sheep and goats, which comprises orally administering to the animals an
effective amount of a pH-buffered, redox-stabilized composition comprising
halide and oxyhalide ions and wherein the pH of the composition is in the
range from 7.5 to 13.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises a chlorite ion
source, a chloride ion source and a chlorate ion source wherein the molar
ratio of chlorite ion to chlorate ion is in the range from 2:1 to 500:1;
the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chloride ion is in the range from 0.1:1
to 50:1; and the molar ratio of chloride ion to chlorate ion is in the
range from 0.1:1 to 500:1.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the molar ratio of chlorite ion to
chlorate ion is in the range from 2:1 to 16:1; the molar ratio of chlorite
ion to chloride ion is in the range from 0.8:1 to 5:1; and the molar ratio
of chloride ion to chlorate ion is in the range from 1.5:1 to 16:1.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the molar ratio of chlorite ion to
chlorate ion is 11.8:1; the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chloride ion is
1.12:1; and the molar ratio of chloride ion to chlorate ion is 10.5:1.
6. The method of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the chlorite ions are
present in the concentration range from 0.01 mM to 1.0 M.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the pH of the composition is in the range
from 7.5 to 13.
8. The method of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the pH of the composition is
in the range from 7.5 to 13.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the composition comprises bromide and
oxybromide ions.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This application relates to methods employing compositions having selective
biocidal, therapeutic, production and immunostimulatory action, based on
concentration and exposure time, against living cells and microorganisms
including Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and other pathogens.
The invention relates to the treatment of animals infected with such
pathogens, as well as to treatment of noninfected animals, by
administration of pH-buffered, redox-stabilized compositions comprising
halide and oxyhalide ions to the animals. The free radical oxyhalide
intermediates formed by the compositions produce immunostimulatory effects
in the animals and result in increased food utilization, lower mortality,
decreased nitrogen excretion and overall enhanced health of animals, as
well as microbial reduction in foods. Moreover, because of their efficacy
as therapeutic and immunostimulatory agents, the administration of said
compositions to food animals results in decreased dependence on vaccines
and antibiotics.
It has long been known that various chlorine-containing compounds can be
used as biocidal agents. The literature contains many references to
chlorine gas, various chlorites and chlorine dioxide as materials that can
be used to kill microorganisms. Many patents teach that chlorine dioxide
is an effective microbicide and also that it is a powerful and effective
oxidizing agent useful in killing various microorganisms. Thus, there is a
wide variety of patents and prior art references which describe the
production of chlorine dioxide and/or the use of stabilized chlorine
dioxide solutions.
The prior art describes many processes for the direct use of chlorine
dioxide as a biocide. The prior art also describes many processes for the
production of stabilized chlorine dioxide by the addition of a variety of
inorganic compounds such as inorganic boron and/or various peroxides,
including hydrogen peroxide (see, for example, Laso, U.S. Pat. No.
4,296,103; Kuhne, U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,285; and Gordon, U.S. Pat. No.
4,880,638).
Chlorine dioxide, however, also has many shortcomings. For example, it is a
potentially hazardous material which is generally difficult to produce and
apply where needed. Chlorine dioxide is also corrosive, and its formation
requires considerable amounts of acid which add to its corrosive
properties.
Gordon, U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,638 discloses an improvement in the previously
known chlorine-based biocidal compositions. The Gordon compositions do not
produce measurable amounts of chlorine dioxide, but do generate
interactive intermediates, including but not limited to oxyhalogen
reactants, which serve to provide the compositions with microbicidal
properties. Gordon discloses the utility of the compositions as surface
disinfectants.
Other publications have provided further insight into the chemistry of
oxychloro compositions and have disclosed their biocidal properties (see,
for example, Ullmann, et al., Infection 12, 225-228 (1984); Kuhne,
European Patent No. EP0093875; and Gordon, et al., Environ. Sci. Technol.
25, 468-474 (1991)).
The food animal industry loses substantial amounts of money yearly due to
infection of the animals resulting in attenuation of growth, loss of
animal size, and death of animals. For example, there is an urgent need
for a nonantibiotic agent that is effective against both bacterial and
viral diarrhea in milk-fed calves. Dairymen and commercial calf raisers
throughout North America are finding increasing cases of bacterial
diarrhea in young calves which are not alleviated by standard antibiotic
treatment. There are new strains of diarrhea-causing bacteria evolving
which are more resistant to the antibiotics presently available.
In view of the foregoing, it is apparent that it is desirable to have a
therapeutic, production, and immunostimulatory drug for use in the food
animal industry that is benign to the host animals, less expensive and as
effective as other immunostimulatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, which
can have undesirable side effects. Furthermore, it is desirable to have
such a composition which is useful as a disinfectant for the food
industry.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a composition that is safe and
economical to use as a therapeutic, production and immunostimulatory drug;
has outstanding cellular disinfection action; and can be administered to
food animals in order to (1) stimulate the immune system, (2) increase
food utilization (as reflected by decreased nitrogen excretion and reduced
feed intake per kg of weight gain), (3) reduce mortality in
microorganism-infected food animals, (4) decrease dependence of animals on
vaccines and antibiotics, and (5) enhance overall health and vitality of
animals.
The compositions set forth in detail in this disclosure represent
redox-buffered stoichiometric solutions which contain little or no
chlorine dioxide or so-called "stabilized" chlorine dioxide prior to
triggering which may ensue in situ. Highly sensitive analytical
measurements have been used which would detect as low as 1 ppm (parts per
million) of chlorine dioxide or chlorinedioxide-containing complexes in
the solutions of this invention, and no chlorine dioxide was detected. The
active ingredients produced by the compositions described here are
halogen-oxyhalogen, redox-buffered intermediates which do not generate
chlorine dioxide. These intermediates are not only effective biocides but
are also apparently immunostimulatory and, in the instant disclosure, are
shown to enhance the vitality and increase the food utilization of food
animals, as well as to reduce mortality in microorganism-infected food
animals, when administered to the animals. This activity is achieved
without the necessity of producing chlorine dioxide per se. However, the
interaction of the compositions in vivo or in vitro can result in the
production of chlorine dioxide under specific conditions.
The microbicidal efficacy of the stabilized compositions has been
extensively tested, as has its efficacy as a therapeutic, production and
immunostimulatory drug. The compositions utilized in this invention have
been tested as enhancers of food utilization and as reducers of mortality
(1) in chicks infected with S. typhimurium, (2) in poultry infected with
Bordetella avium, (3) in poultry with "spiking mortality disease," caused
by viral infection, (4) in poultry infected with gumboro virus, (5) under
market conditions with healthy swine, (6) under market conditions with
healthy broiler chickens and (7) under market conditions with healthy and
diarrhetic cattle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the effect of the composition of Example 1 on the growth of
three bacterial strains.
FIG. 2 shows the effect of the composition of Example 1 on the growth of
six selected bacterial strains.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The instant invention relates to specific uses of halide-oxyhalide
compositions. Specifically, a halide-oxyhalide composition at various
dilutions has been determined to (1) stimulate the immune system, (2)
increase food utilization of food animals (as reflected by decreased
nitrogen excretion and reduced feed intake per kg weight gain), (3) reduce
the mortality of microorganism-infected food animals, (4) decrease
dependence of animals on vaccines and antibiotics, and (5) enhance the
overall health and vitality of said food animals. Thus the instant
invention relates to an improved method for raising and treating food
animals.
The term "food animal" is understood to encompass any and all animals
commonly raised for human consumption. Particular examples of food animals
which may be successfully raised and treated according to the instant
invention are cattle, swine, poultry, sheep and goats.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the compositions are formed
upon mixing water with a source of chlorite ions, a source of chloride
ions and a source of chlorate ions. These compositions have a molar ratio
of chlorite ions to chlorate ions in the range from 2:1 to about 1000:1, a
molar ratio of chlorite ions to chloride ions in the range from 0.1:1 to
about 1000:1 and a molar ratio of chloride ions to chlorate ions in the
range from 0.1:1 to about 1000:1. The chlorite ion source is present in
amounts from about 400 grams to about 0.04 milligrams per thousand grams
of water.
The composition can be administered to infected animals to kill
microorganisms which have a high infectivity and, accordingly, reduce
mortality. The composition can be administered to healthy hosts to enhance
feed utilization and overall vitality.
In preparing the composition described herein, various commercially
available materials are utilized as the starting materials. For example,
the source of chlorite ions can include materials such as alkali metal
chlorites and related compounds. Sodium chlorite is especially useful in
preparing the compositions of this invention because of its availability
and its solubility in water. Other suitable sources for the chlorite ions
include the alkaline earth metal chlorites, as well as ammonium chlorite.
Suitable sources of chlorate ions include various commercially available
chlorates with alkali metal chlorates being preferred. It has been found
that sodium chlorate and potassium chlorate are especially useful in
producing the compositions of this invention because of their solubility
and availability. Other sources of the chlorate ions include the alkaline
earth metal chlorates and ammonium chlorate.
Suitable sources of chloride ions include various commercially available
chlorides, with alkali metal chlorides being preferred. Sodium chloride
and potassium chloride are especially useful because of their cost and
solubility. Alkaline earth metal chlorides and ammonium chlorides can also
be used.
In preparing the compositions, sufficient water should be available to
dissolve the starting materials. While water is an essential ingredient,
it should be understood that other solvents can also be present such as
various alcohols, glycols and related solvents. It has been found that
water should be present in an amount of at least 0.1 moles per liter. The
stability of the compositions can be improved by adding appropriate
pH-adjusting ingredients to adjust the resulting composition to a buffered
pH range from about 7.5 to 13.
In order for the compositions to have good biocidal, therapeutic,
production and immunostimulatory properties, the concentration of the
administered chlorite ion source should be sufficient to provide a range
of chlorite ion concentration from 0.01 mM to 1.0 M.
A preferred molar ratio of chlorite ion source to chlorate ion source that
is added to the water-containing solvent is in the range from 2:1 to
500:1, that of chlorite ions to chloride ions is in the range from 0.1:1
to 50:1 and that of chloride ions to chlorate ions is in the range from
0.1:1 to 500:1.
A still more preferred embodiment of the invention employs compositions
wherein the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chlorate ion is in the range
from 2:1 to 16:1; the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chloride ion is in
the range from 0.8:1 to 5:1; and the molar ratio of chloride ion to
chlorate ion is in the range from 1.5:1 to 16:1.
The best embodiment of the invention known to the inventors at this time
employs compositions wherein the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chlorate
ion is 11.8:1; the molar ratio of chlorite ion to chloride ion is 1.12:1;
and the molar ratio of chloride ion to chlorate ion is 10.5:1.
The stability of the compositions can be improved by adding a pH-adjusting
material to adjust the pH of the resulting mixture to a final range of 7.5
to 13. It has been found that if the pH is adjusted to about 13, the
compositions are very stable and will retain their biocidal properties
over long periods of storage. The concentration of the buffer can range
from 0.001 M up to the saturation level of the solution. The preferred
buffering ingredients contain phosphate salts. The preferred buffer
concentration is in the range of 0.001 M to 0.5 M.
It has been found that various other materials can be added to the
compositions to improve their efficacy. For example, it has been found
that the addition of ingredients such as hydrogen peroxide will inhibit
the production of chlorine dioxide. Materials such as borates, perborates,
percarbonates and sulfates can also be utilized to retard the formation of
chlorine dioxide. Such materials include borax, and various peroxides such
as peroxysulfate, peroxyborate and peroxydisulfate.
It should be noted that the scope of the invention is not confined solely
to the utilization of compositions comprising chloride, chlorite and
chlorate ions. Other compositions intended for use according to the
invention are comprised of other halide and pseudohalide (e.g.
thiocyanate) components and provide effective alternatives to oxychlorine
chemistry.
For example, it is anticipated that compositions of matter comprising
bromide, bromite and bromate ions will exhibit the same utility as that
described for oxychloro compositions. In fact, it would be expected that
the minimal concentrations of the ion sources required for effective
microbicidal activity of an oxybromine composition would be lower than for
an oxychlorine formulation (Babior, B. M., in The Biology and Chemistry of
Active Oxygen, Bannister and Bannister, Eds., Elsevier, pp. 190-206
(1984)).
Similar compositions can be formulated with iodide, iodite and iodate;
fluoride, fluorite and fluorate; or with the three valence states of the
pseudohalide thiocyanate. It is further anticipated that combinations of
mixed oxyhalogens, for example, combinations of chloride, bromite and
bromate or chloride, chlorite and bromate, will also be effective.
Although it is not intended that the inventive compositions be limited to
any particular theory of operation or mechanism, it is believed that the
biocidal compositions formed by mixing the aforementioned ingredients
contain some type of reaction products or intermediate products that are
highly effective in killing various types of virulent organisms. As will
be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such intermediate products can
be induced to produce final reaction products in accordance with the
principle of Le Chatelier. In this instance, it is possible that the
various materials that are combined can be induced to produce final
reaction products that include significant amounts of chlorine dioxide.
However, it has been found that if one controls and limits the amount of
chlorine dioxide that is actually formed (for example, by the addition of
hydrogen peroxide to the composition), the resultant intermediate products
are indeed more effective than chlorine dioxide itself in killing
organisms that are aggressively growing.
More specifically, it is believed that the claimed utility of the described
compositions derives from their ability to form oxidative killing agents
including but not limited to superoxide ions, hydroxyl radicals and
hypochlorite ions. Production of these agents mimics the "respiratory
burst" which occurs during phagocytic killing of invasive organisms, one
of the first lines of defense in the immune system.
While some of these oxy-chlorine intermediates have been shown to possess
bactericidal properties, they have also been shown to specifically possess
immune system enhancing properties. Toxicological and pathological
laboratory observations indicate that the intermediate products of the
composition, such as dichlorine oxide, dichlorodioxygen, or
tetrachlorodecaoxygen (TCDO) benefit the immune system by stimulating the
production of the bone marrow, evidenced by the pronounced increase in
mature granulocytes, pronormo- and normoblasts, or increased cell
proliferation rate, determined by means of the BrdUrd method. Stimulation
of the bone marrow leads in turn to increased numbers of leucocytes and
monocytes in the peripheral blood.
In addition, the intermediate products of the compositions induce the
production of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), referred to as natural
killer cells (NK-cells). These intermediates have also been shown to have
effective modulator properties in the entire immune system. It is these
oxychlorine intermediates which likely confer the composition its unique
ability to enable food animals, such as chickens, turkeys, pigs and cattle
to fight off possible lethal infections, such as salmonellosis,
bordetellosis and diarrhea.
Another factor in the success of the compositions may lie in their ability
to purify and disinfect the drinking water itself, thus reducing the
exposure of the food animals to bacterial and virucidal pathogens.
The above mentioned agents are formed in amounts which would have no
significant effect on the host, but would have a profound effect on
invading pathogens, particularly since the pathogens do not inherently
have the biochemical wherewithal to overcome the barrage of oxidative
intermediates. The oxidative killing agents would be expected to exert
their effect by such mechanisms, among others, as lipid peroxidation in
the pathogens' cell membranes and halogenation of cell-wall proteins.
Once the compositions have been formulated, they are employed in improved
methods for raising and treating food animals. The compositions can be
administered for applications including but not limited to (1) the
prevention and/or treatment of microorganism infection of animals, (2) as
enhancers of feed utilization and (3) as enhancers of overall vitality in
healthy food animals. The improved methods of treatment according to the
instant invention take advantage of the properties of the compositions as
therapeutic, production-enhancing and immunostimulating agents.
In order to demonstrate the biocidal, therapeutic, production and
immunostimulatory properties of the compositions, the following examples
are offered. It should be appreciated that these are merely examples to
show the utility and effectiveness of the compositions. The inclusion of
these examples should not be interpreted in any manner as limiting the
scope of the present invention to the conditions set forth in the examples
with regard to the proportions as well as final concentrations and
quantities of the ingredients, nor should these examples be regarded as
limiting with regard to the treatment regimen of the inventive method.
Similarly, the disclosure of these examples should not be interpreted in
any manner as limiting the scope of the compositions solely to those
containing chlorine and oxychlorine species.
EXAMPLE 1
A composition with biocidal, therapeutic, production and immunostimulating
properties was prepared by dissolving 42.4 kg of sodium chlorite (80%) in
160 liters of deionized water. The mixture was stirred well until all of
the solids dissolved. 3.3 kg of sodium chlorate and 19.5 kg of sodium
chloride were then added to the aqueous mixture and it was stirred for
approximately 10 minutes until all of the solids had dissolved. 1.4 kg of
sodium borate and 1.4 kg of sodium sulfate were then added to the mixture
and it was stirred for approximately 10 minutes until all of the solids
had dissolved. 1.0 kg of hydrogen peroxide (35%) was added and the mixture
was stirred for approximately 5 minutes. Finally a pH modifier in the form
of monopotassium dihydrogen phosphate was added to the mixture and it was
stirred for approximately 10 minutes until all of the solids were
dissolved. The composition was filtered to remove trace impurities.
The composition resulting from the above steps had a specific gravity of
1.23. The chlorite ion was present in an amount of 2.00 moles per liter.
The chlorate ion was present in the amount of 0.17 moles per liter, and
chloride ion was present in an amount of 1.78 moles per liter. In all of
the following examples, the tests were carried out with the composition of
Example 1 diluted as specified in each Example. The concentrations set
forth in the following examples refer to the final concentrations of
chlorite ion.
The following in vitro and in vivo microbiological studies were performed
to demonstrate the biocidal, therapeutic, production and immunostimulatory
efficacy of the oxyhalogen, non-chlorinedioxide-generating intermediates.
EXAMPLE 2
The composition of Example 1 was diluted to a concentration of 0.093 molar.
Using standard AOAC microbiological testing procedures, it was added for
60 minutes to log-phase cultures of the following Gram negative and Gram
positive bacteria (10.sup.8 CFU*/ml). Log-phase cultures were employed as
well in all the following Examples which concern the bactericidal effect
of the composition.
*colony forming units
______________________________________
Gram negative bacteria:
Salmonella typhimurium
NAR
Escherichia coli 0.157.H7 2018
Gram positive bacteria:
Listeria monocytogenes
ATTC 19111
______________________________________
The biocidal activity was monitored at 15-minute intervals. FIG. 1 shows
that each of the Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial strains has a
unique biocidal sensitivity to the compound based on exposure time.
EXAMPLE 3
The composition of Example 1 was diluted to a concentration of 0.092 molar
with respect to chlorite ions. Using standard AOAC microbiological testing
procedures, it was added for 60 minutes to cultures of the following Gram
negative and Gram positive bacteria (10.sup.8 CFU/ml).
______________________________________
Gram negative bacteria:
Salmonella typhimurium
NAR
Salmonella choleraesuis
ATTC 10708
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATTC 15442
Gram positive bacteria:
Listeria monocytogenes
ATTC 19111
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ATTC 12228
Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 12600
______________________________________
The biocidal activity was monitored at 15-minute intervals. FIG. 2 also
shows that each of the bacterial strains has a unique biocidal sensitivity
to the composition based on exposure time.
EXAMPLE 4
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocidal efficacy of the
composition in the presence of organic medium. The composition was diluted
to a concentration of 0.092 molar and was added for 60 minutes to
cultures, using standard AOAC microbiological testing procedures, of the
highly infective strain Salmonella typhimurium NAR in brain-heart infusion
(BHI) broth (10.sup.7 CFU/ml). The biocidal activity was monitored at
15-minute intervals.
Table I shows that the composition has biocidal activity against the tested
bacterial strain in the presence or absence of organic medium.
Furthermore, most of the biocidal activity (2.77 logs or .gtoreq.99.5%
reduction in BHI broth) occurs during the first 15 minutes of exposure.
These results are significant because while the biocidal activity of the
composition in this study was somewhat attenuated in organic medium,
greater than 99.5% reduction of the bacteria within 15 minutes was
nonetheless observed. The attenuation observed in this study was
considerably less than what is typically seen for other biocidal
compositions in organic medium.
TABLE I
______________________________________
Effect of an Organic Medium on the
Bacericidal Efficacy of the Composition
Salmonenella typhimurium NAR over time
EXPOSURE TIME (min)
Control (0 min)
15 30 45 60
______________________________________
TREATMENTS log (CFU/ml)
log reduction (a)
______________________________________
BHI 7.52 (3.28 .times. 10.sup.7)
2.77 1.12 1.44 1.45
dd H2O 7.74 (5.56 .times. 10.sup.7)
7.02 7.74 7.74 7.74
______________________________________
(a) Log reductions are in respect to control.
Data are an average of two experiments.
EXAMPLE 5
In this study the inhibitory activity of various concentrations of the
composition of Example 1 was evaluated against a population of the highly
infective bacterial strain Salmonella typhimurium NAR inoculated onto
broiler drumstick skin.
An overnight culture of Salmonella typhimurium NAR was transferred to fresh
BHI broth and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 1.5 h to a population density
of approximately 1.times.10.sup.7 CFU/ml. One hundred microliters
(approximately 1.times.10.sup.6 CFU) of the bacterial suspension were
spread evenly onto 2-cm.sup.2 pieces of fresh broiler drumstick skin.
Following inoculation, the broiler skin was held at room temperature
(25.degree. C.) for 15 min to allow for adsorption and/or attachment of S.
typhimurium NAR to the skin. The inoculated skin was transferred to a
centrifuge tube containing 30 ml of the appropriate treatment
concentration.
The composition was diluted to 0.027 M, 0.054 M and 0.081 M. After a 10-min
exposure to the specified treatment solution under continuous agitation at
37.degree. C., surviving S. typhimurium NAR organisms were recovered from
the skin. A skin rinse technique was used and consisted of vortexing the
skin in 10 ml 0.1% peptone water for 1 min. The rinse solution was
serially diluted in 0.1% peptone water, and viable S. typhimurium NAR
organisms were recovered by pour plating with BHI agar supplemented with
100 ppm nalidixic acid. Plates were incubated at 37.degree. C. for 48 h
and colonies counted. All trials were replicated three times.
Table II shows that the biocidal potency is dependent on the composition's
concentration; increasing concentrations of the composition resulted in
increased inactivation of the S. typhimurium NAR population.
TABLE II
______________________________________
Effect of Concentration of the Composition
on the Growth of S. typhimurium
Concentration (M)
Percent Reduction
______________________________________
control (O) 33.0
0.027 63.2
0.054 79.7
0.081 87.3
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6
A microbiological study was conducted to validate further that the
composition has a selective biocidal action, based on concentration and
exposure time, against living cells and microorganisms including Gram
negative and Gram positive bacteria and other pathogens.
The composition was diluted to a 0.092 molar concentration and was added
for 60 minutes to cultures, using standard AOAC microbiological testing
procedures, of the following actively growing Gram negative and Gram
positive bacteria (10.sup.7 CFU/ml). The biocidal activity was monitored
at 30 and 60 minutes.
______________________________________
Gram negative bacteria - Salmonella species:
Salmonella typhimurium NAR
Salmonella choleraesuis ATTC 10708
Salmonella worthington 206-4
Other Gram negative bacteria:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATTC 15442
Escherichia coli 0157.H 2018
Gram positive bacteria:
Listeria monocytogenes ATTC 19111
Staphylococcus epidermditis
ATTC 12228
Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 12600
Lactobacillus acidophilus
0606 1-B (VPI)
______________________________________
The average log reduction for Gram negative strains after a 30-minute
exposure was found to be 4.85 (range 2.54-7.38) and for Gram positive
strains, 1.05 (range 0-1.91). The average log reduction for Gram negative
strains after a 60-minute exposure was found to be 6.64 (range 5.50-7.38)
and for Gram positive strains, 4.94 (range 3.87-6.72). The results of this
study support further the findings in Examples 2-5.
EXAMPLE 7
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the composition on the
microbiological quality and safety of fresh whole broilers processed under
current United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) procedures.
The study consisted of 60 untreated control carcasses and 60 treated
carcasses rinsed with transfer, pre-enrichment medium and analyzed for
Salmonella, total aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform, E. coli and
Campylobacter. The treatment used consisted of a 30-second immersion in a
31 mM solution of the composition, followed by 30 seconds of dripping dry
and then the application of transfer medium to the poultry carcasses using
standard AOAC microbiological testing procedures. The mean control APC was
8,100 CFU per ml rinse (average log.sub.10 =3.91), while the mean treated
APC was 2,660 (log.sub.10 =3.42), which corresponded to a 0.49 mean log
reduction (67.1%) in APC. The study showed that the composition reduced
Salmonella by over 1.56 logs (>97.6% reduction), E. coli by >0.9 logs
(>89.1% reduction), and Campylobacter by more than 1.95 logs (>98.9%
reduction).
EXAMPLE 8
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the composition on the
microbiological quality and safety of fresh broilers processed under
current United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) procedures. The
results of this study support further the findings in Example 7.
In this study 20 carcasses were obtained (1 at a time) from the
evisceration line prior to their entering the inside-outside bird washer
of a poultry processing plant. Five of the carcasses served as the
untreated controls. These carcasses were immersed for 5 seconds in a
5-gallon vessel to simulate subjection to the inside-outside bird washer.
After an 80-second dripping period, the carcasses were immersed in another
vessel containing chill water (20 ppm chlorine) for 45 minutes, in order
to simulate subjection to a chilling tank.
Five carcasses were immersed for 5 seconds in a 5-gallon vessel containing
3.84 mM of the composition. After an 80-second dripping period, the
carcasses were immersed in another vessel containing chill water and 0.256
mM of the composition for 45 minutes.
Five carcasses were immersed for 5 seconds in a 5-gallon vessel containing
3.84 mM of the composition. After an 80-second dripping period, the
carcasses were immersed in another vessel containing chill water and 0.128
mM of the composition for 45 minutes.
Five carcasses were immersed for 5 seconds in a 5-gallon vessel containing
3.84 mM of the composition. After an 80-second dripping period, the
carcasses were immersed in another vessel containing chill water and 0.096
mM of the composition for 45 minutes.
The carcasses were aseptically introduced into sterile bags and
individually rinsed for 30 seconds with 200 ml of sterile transport
medium, using standard AOAC microbiological testing procedures. The
carcasses were then rinsed with Butterfield's broth medium for coliform
and E. coli analysis.
The mean coliform count for control carcasses was 88,400 CFU per ml rinse
(average log.sub.10 =4.95). The mean coliform count for carcasses treated
with 0.256 mM of the composition was 496 (average log.sub.10 =2.70),
corresponding to a 99.4% reduction with respect to the control. The mean
coliform count for carcasses treated with 0.128 mM of the composition was
1,340 (average log.sub.10 =3.13), corresponding to a 98.5% reduction.
Finally, the mean coliform count for carcasses treated with 0.096 mM of
the composition was 1,516 (average log.sub.10 =3.18), corresponding to a
98.3% reduction.
The mean E. coli count for control carcasses was 55,400 CFU per ml rinse
(average log.sub.10 =4.74). The mean E. coli count for carcasses treated
with 0.256 mM of the composition was 218 (average log.sub.10 =2.34),
corresponding to a 99.5% reduction with respect to the control. The mean
E. coli count for carcasses treated with 0.128 mM of the composition was
614 (average log.sub.10 =2.79), corresponding to a 98.9% reduction.
Finally, the mean E. coli count for carcasses treated with 0.096 mM of the
composition was 858 (average log.sub.10 =2.93), corresponding to a 98.5%
reduction.
EXAMPLE 9
This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic, production and
biocidal activity of the composition in young chicks (1-14 days old)
infected with Salmonella typhimurium (10.sup.5 CFU/ml). A series of
concentrations of the composition was tested. The biocidal effect of the
composition, as well as changes in protein absorption, growth and feed
utilization of the chicks were determined upon chronic administration of
the composition, for up to 14 days, in the chicks' drinking water.
The composition was seen to have a concentration-dependent biocidal
activity against the tested strain. In infected chicks given the
composition at 1 mM, a mean 0.89-log (87%) reduction in initial counts was
seen at 7 days and a mean 1.0-log (90%) reduction at 14 days. In infected
chicks given the composition at 2 mM, the initial counts were reduced by a
mean of 0.50 logs (68%) at 7 days and a mean of 0.17 logs (32%) at 14
days.
Furthermore, the results show that the composition has a biocidal activity
against Gram negative bacteria in young chicks based on concentration and
exposure time. These observations confirm the results from Examples 2-6
which demonstrated that Gram negative bacteria have a great biocidal
sensitivity to the composition.
The composition was seen to have an effect on the growth and feed
utilization of the chicks. At hatching, body weights were approximately
2.8% lower in chicks designated to receive S. typhimurium inoculation
(Table III). No significant S. typhimurium major effects on body weight
were noted at day 7 or 14. At days 7 and 14, chicks receiving 1 mM of the
composition exhibited greater body weight than either unsupplemented
controls or chicks receiving 2 mM of the composition. A significant
interaction of the composition with S. typhimurium was observed. In the
presence of S. typhimurium inoculation, chicks that received 1 mM
composition exhibited greater body weight when compared with inoculated
chicks receiving tap water or 2 mM composition at days 7 or 14. A similar
effect was not noted in the absence of S. typhimurium inoculation. At day
7, uninoculated chicks receiving 2 mM composition exhibited lower body
weight when compared with chicks receiving tap water.
TABLE III
______________________________________
Body weights of infected and uninfected chickens as influenced
by the administration of the composition.
Composition level (mM)
Salmonella Age 0 1 2
challenge (days) (g)
______________________________________
yes 0 40.2 42.1 41.4
7 130.1 147.4
129.3
14 322.9 362.8
319.3
no 0 43.1 41.5 42.5
7 142.5 138.9
134.6
14 326.4 331.2
322.1
______________________________________
Feed conversion ratios (FCR) are depicted in Table IV. Significantly
greater gains in body weight per unit of diet consumed were observed in
chicks receiving the composition (2 mM and 1 mM) from days 0 to 7. No
effects associated with the composition treatments were observed for 7- to
14-day feed conversion ratios. No statistically significant effects on
feed conversion were attributed to S. typhimurium inoculation.
TABLE IV
______________________________________
Feed conversion ratios as influenced by the administration of the
composition to infected or uninfected chicks.
Composition level (mM)
Salmonella Age 0 1 2
challenge (days) (g feed/g gain)
______________________________________
yes 0-7 1.168 1.107
1.091
7-14 1.465 1.432
1.462
no 0-7 1.147 1.079
1.088
7-14 1.575 1.475
1.493
______________________________________
The composition was further seen to have an effect on nitrogen excretion
and retention in the tested chicks. Protein levels in excreta were
estimated by the determination of nitrogen (Kjeldahl) from a 24 h
collection of each replicate at 7 and 14 days of age. For the estimation
of nitrogen retention, chromic oxide (chromium sesquioxide) was
incorporated (0.3%) into the diet as a reference marker.
At day 7, chicks receiving 1 mM and 2 mM of the composition had
significantly lower excretal nitrogen concentrations when compared with
those chickens receiving tap water. After 7 days, the excretal nitrogen
levels had fallen from an initial level of 5.93% to 5.32% in chicks
imbibing a 1 mM solution of the composition and to 5.19% for chicks
imbibing a 2 mM solution of the composition. No significant difference
between initial and 14-day excretal nitrogen levels was observed.
After 7 days, nitrogen retention levels, expressed as mg N retained per g
diet, had risen from an initial level of 20.1 to 23.2 in chicks receiving
1 mM of the composition and to 23.4 in chicks receiving 2 mM of the
composition. Such results in the employed test for nitrogen retention
suggest that greater amounts of protein are being synthesized and
retained. As with nitrogen excretion rates, the effect of the composition
on nitrogen retention was age dependent; the composition enhanced nitrogen
retention in 7-day- but not in 14-day-old chicks.
The studies demonstrate that protein absorption, growth, and feed
utilization are improved when the compound is administered in the drinking
water of chicks infected with Salmonella typhimurium.
EXAMPLE 10
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the composition on the
microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, the therapeutic
and biocidal activity of the composition was evaluated in chickens
infected with Salmonella typhimurium. A series of concentrations of the
composition was tested by administration of the composition in the
drinking water of 45-day-old chickens.
In this study, 6-week-old male and female broilers weighing between 1.8 and
2.3 kg each were selected. Birds were tested by cloacal swabs for the
presence of Salmonella, and birds testing positive for Salmonella were
destroyed. The birds which tested negative were fed a standard broiler
withdrawal ration ad libitum until feed was withdrawn. The day prior to
processing, feed and water were withdrawn from all birds for a period of 4
to 6 hours. Following this initial withdrawal period, an intubator was
used to inoculate birds with 10.sup.5 CFU of nalidixic-acid-resistant S.
typhimurium in the crop. After inoculation, birds were offered water
containing one of the composition concentrations for a period of 8 hours.
This study was designed to validate that the composition is a very
effective therapeutic and biocidal drug, based on concentration and
exposure time, against aggressively growing Gram negative bacteria which
have infected chickens. Table V shows the biocidal activity of the
composition in broiler ceca contaminated with Salmonella. The Table shows
that the composition has a biocidal activity against the bacterial strain
based on concentration. The composition has its greatest biocidal activity
at a concentration of 1.33 mM to 2 mM.
From a control level of 47.5%, the administration of the composition
increased the percentage of negative ceca to between 70% and 93.3%. Birds
given 1.33 mM or 2 mM of the composition had the greatest percentage of
negative ceca (93.3% and 90%, respectively). These data suggest that the
composition has a potential as a cecal disinfectant when used just prior
to processing. The data also suggest that the composition may also reduce
carcass contamination.
Examples 9 and 10 show that the composition has a biocidal activity against
Gram negative bacteria in young chicks (1-14 days old) and chickens (45
days old) based on concentration and exposure time.
TABLE V
______________________________________
Relationship of Composition Concentration
to Presence of Salmonella-Negative Broiler Ceca
Concentration (mM)
% Negative Ceca
______________________________________
0 47.5
1 70
1.33 93.3
2 90.0
4 70.0
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 11
This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic, production and
immunostimulatory effect of the composition under market conditions in
broilers infected with the gumboro virus.
Gumboro is a reo-like virus that causes an infectious bursal disease,
commonly referred to as gumboro disease. The virus is prevalent in most of
the concentrated poultry producing areas of the world and may account for
considerable losses in individual flocks. Losses result from the clinical
disease or from immunosuppression as a result of early infections with the
virus. Sequelae that have been associated with immunosuppression induced
by the virus include gangrenous dermatitis, inclusion body
hepatitis-anemia syndrome, and vaccination failures. It is now considered
that the greatest economic loss results from immunosuppressive infections
rather than from the clinical disease produced by the virus.
In this study, 1 mM of the composition was administered to the broilers'
drinking water for 25 days. At day 14 all the chickens received a vaccine.
All the broilers had unlimited access to the water throughout the entire
study. The effect of the composition on the mortality was recorded daily,
and body weight gain was monitored at 35 and 42 days.
The broilers that received the composition had a 15.3% lower mortality rate
than the control group after 25 days. At market age (42 days), the
mortality was reduced by 29.7%. The birds that received the composition
had, on average, 5.35% greater body weight after 35 days and 2.03% greater
body weight after 42 days compared to the control group.
This study demonstrates that the composition has a therapeutic, production,
and immunostimulatory effect in broilers raised under market conditions.
Additionally, the study demonstrates that the administration of the
compound in the drinking water of infected broilers ameliorates the
negative effects associated with infectious bursal disease. The results of
the study further indicate that administration of the composition is a
superior alternative to the less effective vaccination route of treatment.
EXAMPLE 12
This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic and production
activity of the composition on turkey poults infected with Bordetella
avium. B. avium is the causative organism of turkey coryza, a poultry
disease that has no effective vaccine and limited avenues for treatment.
In this study, the composition was diluted to final concentrations of 1 mM
and 2 mM in the turkey poults' drinking water. All the turkeys had
unlimited access to the water throughout the 17 days of the study.
The data presented in Table VI demonstrate the influence of the composition
on poult body weight. At hatching, no statistical differences in body
weights were noted among treatment groups. At 7 days of age, 6 days
post-inoculation with B. avium, infected poults receiving only tap water
exhibited a marked suppression in body weight when compared to all other
treatment groups. Infected poults receiving 1 mM or 2 mM of the
composition displayed numerically larger 7-day body weights than either
infected poults receiving tap water or noninfected poults provided with
tap water. The B. avium-associated suppression in growth was also evident
at 14 and 17 days. At these ages, the administration of the composition
mitigated the growth suppressive effects of the B. avium infection.
TABLE VI
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition on
Body Weights (g) of B.-avium-Infected Poults
Composition
Concentration
Age
(mM) hatch 7 days 14 days
17 days
______________________________________
non-infected
0 61.9 137.4 318.2 437.1
1 62.9 134.2 309.8 424.7
2 61.8 141.8 324.8 436.5
infected
0 62.9 117.9 262.8 336.9
1 62.8 137.6 330.2 436.3
2 61.7 141.5 333.5 445.4
______________________________________
Feed conversion ratios (FCR) and feed consumption data are depicted in
Table VII. Significantly greater amounts of the starter diet were required
to produce a unit gain in body weight for those poults inoculated with B.
avium and placed on tap water from hatching to 7 days of age. Again the
presence of the composition eliminated this effect associated with B.
avium. A marked decline in feed intake occurred in infected poults
receiving tap water during the 7- to 14-day period.
TABLE VII
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition on
FCR and Feed Consumption of B.-avium-Infected Poults
Composition
Concentration
FCR (g feed/g gain)
consumption (g)
(mM) 0-7 days 7-14 days 0-7 days
7-14 days
______________________________________
non-infected
0 1.201 1.296 87.5 234.3
1 1.204 1.278 85.4 232.5
2 1.150 1.304 91.9 237.5
infected
0 1.443 1.325 77.6 191.7
1 1.196 1.247 89.4 234.0
2 1.172 1.203 93.5 227.7
______________________________________
Significant reductions in rates of weight gain were also noted in infected
poults receiving tap water from 0-7 and 7-14 days of age compared to
weight gain for infected poults receiving drinking water fortified with
the composition (Table VIII).
The data showed that the administration of the composition in the drinking
water of turkeys eliminated the decline in feed efficiency associated with
the B. avium infection.
TABLE VIII
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition
on the Rate of Weight Gain of B.-avium-Infected Poults
Composition Concentration
gain (g)
(mM) 0-7 days 7-14 days
______________________________________
non-infected
0 73.2 181.0
1 71.3 182.0
2 79.9 182.5
infected
0 55.0 145.0
1 74.8 188.0
2 79.9 192.0
______________________________________
Electron microscopy showed that damage to the tracheal epithelium in
infected poults was reduced by the supplementation of the composition. B.
avium was re-isolated by colony morphology on nutrient agar supplemented
with streptomycin (200 .mu.g/mL) and on MacConkey Agar. Based on B. avium
isolation, no clear differences in treatment trends were observed between
infected poults receiving tap water and those receiving the composition.
These findings are of potential significance for a number of reasons.
First, turkey coryza or bordetellosis affects upwards of 50% of turkey
flocks of several U.S. states in the summer. It is also a highly
contagious disease, whose causative organism can survive for months in the
turkey house environment. Secondly, a number of avian veterinarians have
indicated that the vaccine available for coryza is both expensive and of
limited effectiveness. Finally, antibiotics provide very limited
improvements in clinical symptoms. This may be due to the fact that
getting adequate levels of antibiotic to the primary site of infection
(upper respiratory tract) is unlikely. Data from this study showed that
the administration of the composition mitigates many of the detrimental
effects associated with a B. avium infection. This assessment is supported
by gross changes in growth, feed utilization, appetite, and structural
integrity of the trachea.
These data also suggest that the mitigating effects of the composition are
not achieved through elimination of the organism. This observation
suggests that the composition has a stimulatory effect on the immune
system.
EXAMPLE 13
This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic activity of the
composition on mortality rates among turkeys infected with rotavirus,
reovirus and coronavirus, all of which are believed to be components of
what is known as the spiking mortality disease. It has been found that
"spiking mortality" is mainly considered a mild disease syndrome but
results in major economic loss. Spiking mortality is defined as a
phenomenon in which birds exhibit a clinical presentation initially
indistinguishable from that of poultry enteritis complex; however, instead
of responding to treatment or management manipulation, birds quickly
worsen and mortality increases exponentially to exceed 1% mortality for
three successive days and in many cases may exceed 3% mortality/day. This
is a devastating disease syndrome which results in mortality losses
greater than 30% and in some instances has resulted in destruction of the
entire flock in the brooder house.
In this study, 2 mM of the composition was administered to newborn turkeys'
drinking water for the first 21 days of their lives. All the poults had
unlimited access to the water throughout the entire 21 days. The effect of
the composition was evaluated every 7 days until the completion of the
trial.
The birds infected with the viruses showed 27.1% deaths by day 21. In sharp
contrast, the turkeys infected with the viruses and receiving the
composition had only 6.3% deaths by day 21. The administration of the
composition was found to be beneficial even in uninfected poults. By day
21 noninfected birds had a 4.9% mortality rate, while noninfected birds
treated as above with the composition had a mortality rate of only 2.6%.
EXAMPLE 14
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the composition on
feed utilization under market conditions with healthy swine. The
composition was administered in the pigs' drinking water in two separate
trials, using final concentrations of 1 mM and 2 mM, respectively. The
pigs had unlimited access to the water throughout the trials. Food intake
per kilogram of weight gain was compared at the end of 21 days in both of
the trials.
Tables IX and X show the improved feed utilization in the pigs that had
consumed the water treated with the composition following the two
respective 21-day trials. Feed intake per kilogram of weight gain was 7.0%
and 7.4% lower in the trial group than in the control group for trials 1
and 2, respectively. Feed intake per pig per day was 6.3% and 7.9% lower
in the trial group than in the control group for trials 1 and 2,
respectively.
This study demonstrated that feed utilization is improved when different
concentrations of the composition are administered in the drinking water
of healthy swine under market conditions.
TABLE IX
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition (1 mM)
on FCR and Feed Consumption of Healthy Swine
CONTROL GROUP
TRIAL GROUP DIFF. %
______________________________________
Number of pigs:
22 23 +4.5%
Average weight
31.4 kg 30.8 kg -1.9%
start:
Average weight
46.4 kg 45.9 kg -1.1%
end:
Total weight
330.0 kg 347.3 kg +5.0%
gain:
Weight gain/
714 g 719 g +0.7%
day/pig:
Feed intake
662 FU* 650 FU -1.8%
total:
Feed intake/
1.43 FU 1.34 FU -6.3%
pig/day:
Feed intake/kg
2.01 FU 1.87 FU -7.0%
weight gain:
______________________________________
*Feed unit = 0.95 kg feed
TABLE X
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition (2 mM)
on FCR and Feed Consumption of Healthy Swine
CONTROL GROUP
TRIAL GROUP DIFF. %
______________________________________
Number of pigs:
12 15 +25.0%
Average weight
34.1 kg 30.6 kg -10.3%
start:
Average weight
48.8 kg 45.2 kg -7.4%
end:
Total weight
177.0 kg 219.0 kg +23.7%
gain:
Weight gain/
702 g 695 g -1.0%
day/pig:
Total feed 383.3 FU 442.1 FU +15.3%
intake:
Feed intake/
1.52 FU 1.40 FU -7.9%
pig/day:
Feed intake/kg
2.17 FU 2.01 FU -7.4%
weight gain:
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 15
This commercial study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the
administration of the composition on weight gain and mortality rate of
healthy broilers under market conditions.
In this study the composition at 2 mM was administered in the broilers'
drinking water. All the broilers had unlimited access to the water
throughout the entire 37 days of the study. The effect of the composition
on weight gain and mortality rate was evaluated every 7 days until the
completion of the trial.
Improved weight gain and a lower mortality rate were observed in the
broilers that had consumed the water treated with the composition during
the 37-day trial. Weight gain was improved by 2.22% in the trial group
compared to the control group after 36 days. The broilers that were in the
trial group had a 0.57% lower mortality rate than the control group after
37 days.
This study demonstrates that rate of body weight gain increases and
mortality rate decreases when the compound is administered in the drinking
water of healthy broilers under market conditions.
EXAMPLE 16
This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic and production
activity of the composition in young Holstein bull calves. The objective
of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the composition as an
alternative to antibiotics in controlling diarrhea in young, milk-fed
calves. A series of concentrations of the composition were tested.
All 336 calves in this study weighed from 92 to 115 lb. and were estimated
to be between 3 to 7 days of age at the start of the trial. The calves
were divided into 8 test groups of 42 animals each. Feed consumption was
measured weekly throughout the five week trial. Calves were individually
weighed at the beginning and end (day 35) of the trial. Fecal scores were
recorded before morning and afternoon feedings using an index of 0 to 7 as
follows: 0=normal, 1-3=soft, 4-6=runny, and 7=watery. Fecal scores were
recorded for the first ten days only. Severity of diarrhea was measured as
number of sieges (incidents) of diarrhea.
The composition was administered in the milk replacer and the water for a
total of three weeks (21 days of the trial). The milk replacer was put in
open pails twice daily (morning and afternoon feedings). All of the calves
were fed the same milk replacement and starter feed throughout the
experiment. Table XI shows the concentrations of the composition
administered in each group over the course of the study.
TABLE XI
______________________________________
Concentration of the Composition in the Liquid Diet of the Calves.
Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Day Concentrations (mM)
______________________________________
1 0 .325 .488 .488 .651 .651 .813 .813
2 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
3 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.488
4 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.488 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
5 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.325 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
8 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.325 .dwnarw.
.325 .dwnarw.
.325 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
10 .dwnarw.
.0813 .163 .0813
.163 .0813
.163 .0813
21 .dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
.dwnarw.
______________________________________
The data presented in Table XII demonstrate the influence of the
composition on scouring (diarrhea). An average of 41% of the calves in
groups 1 to 6 had diarrhea while an average of 25% had diarrhea in groups
7 and 8. By day 10 there were no scouring calves in groups 7 and 8. The
remaining groups experienced the following by day 10: group 1, 1 scouring;
group 2, 1 scouring; group 3, 2 scouring; group 4, 2 scouring; group 5, 8
scouring; and group 6, 2 scouring. Likewise the average fecal score for
groups 7 and 8 was only 2.90 versus 5.35 for the average of groups 1 to 6.
Diarrhea adversely affected weight gains the most for calves in the
control group (group 1). The scouring calves receiving the higher
concentrations of the composition were the least affected by diarrhea. The
initial weight of the scouring calves did not appear to be a significant
factor.
TABLE XII
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition on Number of
Scouring Calves, Percentage of Scouring Calves, Average Number of
Scours Per Day, Fecal Scores, and Weight Data of Scouring Calves
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
______________________________________
Number of
18 14 17 18 18 18 11 10
scouring
calves
Percentage
42.9 33.3 40.5 42.9 42.9 42.9 26.2 23.8
of scouring
calves (%)
Average 14.2 9.5 15.1 11.2 14.8 12.5 6.5 6.4
number of
scours/day
Average 6.0 4.1 6.4 4.2 6.6 4.8 3.0 2.8
Fecal Score
Weight Gain
28.6 35.4 31.3 32.3 38.3 35.8 35.2 39.3
for Scouring
calves (lbs)
______________________________________
As shown in Table XII above, the groups receiving the composition (groups 2
through 8) fared much better on average than the control, group 1. The
average number of scours for the groups receiving the composition was 15,
compared to 18 for the control group (group 1). The average percentage of
scouring calves for groups 2 through 8 was 36.1% compared to 42.9% for
group 1 (6.8% difference). The average fecal score for groups 2 to 8 was
4.6 compared to 6.0 for group 1. Finally, the weight gain for scouring
calves was 19.2% higher for those calves administered the composition
(35.4 lb.) compared to group 1 (28.6 lb.).
The data in Table XIII represent the average feed consumed, weight gain,
and feed conversion for all groups. The overall feed conversion trend was
an improvement as the concentrations of the composition increased from 0
to 0.813 mM in the liquid portion of the diet.
TABLE XIII
______________________________________
Influence of Administration of the Composition on the Weight Gain
and Feed Conversion in Calves
Average Feed
Average Feed Average Calf
Conversion
Group Consumed (lbs)
Weight Gain (lbs)
(feed/gain)
______________________________________
1 86.2 33.7 2.56
2 86.9 35.6 2.44
3 84.7 36.0 2.35
4 86.4 35.5 2.43
5 84.7 37.3 2.27
6 88.5 37.3 2.37
7 85.0 38.0 2.24
8 86.6 36.9 2.35
______________________________________
Each group consumed relatively similar amounts of starter each week. The
initial body weights were very similar as was the distribution of
different weights of calves within each treatment group. The average
weight gain for the control was 8.9% less and the feed conversion ratio
(lbs. feed consumed: lbs. weight gained) for the control was 8.2% higher
than the average of the groups receiving the composition.
This study demonstrates that the addition of the composition reduced both
the incidence and severity of diarrhea. The study also demonstrates that
feed conversion and weight gain are improved when the compound is
administered in the drinking water of young calves, including healthy
animals and those with high diarrhea incidence, thus showing definitive
therapeutic and production-improving utility of the method according to
the instant invention. Data from this study also show that the
administration of the composition is effective in replacing known
antibiotics in the treatment of diarrhea.
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