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United States Patent |
6,020,947
|
Jones
,   et al.
|
February 1, 2000
|
Liquid crystal devices
Abstract
A ferroelectric liquid crystal display (FLCD), which comprises a cell
including a layer of chiral smetic ferroelectric liquid crystal material
contained between two substrates and at least one alignment layer for
determining the surface alignment of the molecules in the liquid crystal
material, is manufactured as follows. After selection of a suitable
material for the alignment layer, the cell is filled by introducing liquid
crystal material between the substrates to which the alignment layer is
applied. After filling of the cell, a heat treatment is applied to the
cell by raising the cell to an elevated temperature and maintaining the
cell at that temperature for a predetermined period of time. The
temperature and the period of time of this heat treatment are selected to
cause the surface alignment properties of the alignment layer to be
changed by the heat treatment in such a manner as to promote adoption of
the C2 state by the liquid crystal material on subsequent cooling to the
device operating temperature.
Inventors:
|
Jones; John Clifford (Leigh Sinton, GB);
Haslam; Simon David (Wyesham, GB);
Bannister; Robert William (Malvern, GB)
|
Assignee:
|
Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha (Osaka, JP);
The Secretary of State for Defence in Her Brittanic Majesty's Government (Hants, GB)
|
Appl. No.:
|
963148 |
Filed:
|
November 3, 1997 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
| Nov 06, 1996[GB] | 9623120 |
| Nov 06, 1996[GB] | 9623121 |
Current U.S. Class: |
349/172; 349/184; 349/188 |
Intern'l Class: |
C09K 019/02; G02F 001/13 |
Field of Search: |
349/172,184,188,134
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4879144 | Nov., 1989 | Nakura et al. | 428/1.
|
5404237 | Apr., 1995 | Katsuse et al. | 359/56.
|
5453861 | Sep., 1995 | Shinjo et al. | 359/78.
|
5500749 | Mar., 1996 | Inaba et al. | 359/56.
|
5529717 | Jun., 1996 | Murashiro et al. | 252/299.
|
5543943 | Aug., 1996 | Hanyu et al. | 359/43.
|
5557435 | Sep., 1996 | Hanyu et al. | 359/75.
|
5646754 | Jul., 1997 | Takeda et al. | 349/172.
|
5800736 | Sep., 1998 | Okabe et al. | 252/299.
|
5895107 | Apr., 1999 | Haslam | 349/172.
|
5897189 | Apr., 1999 | Sako et al. | 349/171.
|
Foreign Patent Documents |
2187026 | Aug., 1987 | GB.
| |
2274519 | Jul., 1994 | GB.
| |
2313204 | Nov., 1997 | GB.
| |
2314168 | Dec., 1997 | GB.
| |
Primary Examiner: Bovernick; Rodney
Assistant Examiner: Chowdhury; Tarifur R.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device which
comprises a cell including a layer of chiral smectic ferroelectric liquid
crystal material contained between two substrates and at least one
alignment layer for determining the surface alignment of the molecules in
the liquid crystal material, the method including the steps of:
(a) selecting a suitable material for said alignment layer of the cell;
(b) filling the cell by introducing liquid crystal material between the
substrates of the cell to which said alignment layer is applied; and
(c) after filling of the cell, applying a heat treatment to the cell by
raising the cell to an elevated temperature and maintaining the cell at
said temperature for a predetermined period of time, said temperature and
said period of time being selected to cause the surface alignment
properties of said alignment layer to be changed by the heat treatment in
such a manner as to promote adoption of the C2 state by the liquid crystal
material on subsequent cooling to the device operating temperature.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal material is
maintained at a raised temperature during filling of the cell, and the
heat treatment is applied so as to increase the temperature of the cell
after the cell has been filled and before the cell has cooled down to an
appreciable extent.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal material is
maintained at a raised temperature during filling of the cell, and the
heat treatment is applied after the cell has been allowed to cool to a low
temperature in the vicinity of room temperature.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein, after application of the heat
treatment, the cell is cooled at a slow rate, for example at a rate of
1.degree. C. per minute, from a temperature above the chiral smectic phase
transition temperature to a temperature below the chiral smectic phase
transition temperature.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment serves to heat
the cell to a temperature at which the liquid crystal material is in the
isotropic phase.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the material selected for said
alignment layer is such as to impart a surface pretilt of more than
3.degree. at room temperature prior to filling of the cell, and the heat
treatment is such as to cause a surface pretilt of less than 3.degree. to
be imparted by said alignment layer after filling and cooling of the cell.
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the material selected for said
alignment layer is such as to impart a surface pretilt of less than
2.degree. at room temperature prior to filling of the cell, and the heat
treatment is such as to cause a surface pretilt of more 2.degree. to be
imparted by said alignment layer after filling and cooling of the cell.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein said alignment layer has a
surface pretilt in the range of 2.degree. to 3.degree. at room temperature
after application of the heat treatment.
9. A liquid crystal device manufactured by a method according to claim 1.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to liquid crystal devices, such as ferroelectric
liquid crystal devices, and methods of manufacturing such devices.
The surface stabilised ferroelectric liquid crystal device (FLCD) possesses
the advantage over other liquid crystal devices, such as the twisted
nematic liquid crystal device, that it is a bistable device which can be
switched between two states by switching pulses of alternate polarity and
which will remain in one state in the absence of a switching pulse until a
switching pulse of appropriate polarity is applied to switch it to the
opposite state. By contrast, in a twisted nematic liquid crystal device, a
drive signal must be applied continuously to maintain the device in one of
its states.
A conventional FLCD cell comprises a layer of ferroelectric smectic liquid
crystal material contained between two parallel glass substrates provided
on their inside surfaces with electrode structures in the form of row and
column electrode tracks which cross one another to form an addressable
matrix array. Furthermore each of the inside surfaces of the substrates is
provided with a suitable alignment layer which, prior to assembly of the
substrates and filling of the cell with liquid crystal material, is
treated by rubbing to impart a preferred surface alignment direction, and
preferably a surface pretilt, to the contacting molecules of the liquid
crystal material layer.
The switching behaviour of the liquid crystal molecules is dependent on the
arrangement of the molecules in microlayers which, in the case of chiral
smectic material, extend transversely of the substrates and adopt a
chevron geometry having two possible states, C1 and C2, as disclosed in J.
Kanbe et al, Ferroelectrics (1991), vol. 114, pp. 3. Both C1 and C2 states
can form as the material cools down from the isotropic phase to the chiral
smectic phase during device manufacture, and the boundaries between these
two states may be seen as a zigzag defect. When used in a display device,
material incorporating both the C1 and the C2 states can appear patchy,
and it is therefore preferred that the material should be in one state for
a practical device. The C2 state is preferred as it allows faster
switching at lower voltages. Accordingly it is important that both the
alignment layers provided on the substrates have surface alignment
properties which are such as to promote formation of the C2 state on
cooling of the liquid crystal material layer during manufacture of the
device.
However little or no formation of the C2 state may occur with some liquid
crystal materials when using a conventional device manufacturing method in
which a bath of liquid crystal material is heated to a temperature at
which the material is in the isotropic phase, the liquid crystal material
is drawn under vacuum between the substrates of the cell, and the cell is
then cooled down slowly so that the material passes from the isotropic
phase through the cholesteric and smectic. A phases to the chiral smectic
phase. Furthermore the C2 state may be unstable with temperature so that
the proportion of the material in the C2 state may vary with temperature.
In a colour FLCD, such as may be used in a colour display, one of the
substrates of the cell may incorporate a colour filter layer incorporating
red, green and blue areas for each pixel of the cell. During manufacture
of such a device the colour filter layer is applied prior to the
application of the alignment layer to the substrate, and this imposes a
limit to the temperature of the subsequent heat curing treatment which may
be applied to polymerise and harden the alignment layer after spinning
down of a liquid monomer on the substrate surface to form the alignment
layer in known manner. Whereas the heat curing treatment may take place at
a temperature of up to about 300.degree. C. in a cell in which a colour
filter layer is not provided, the heat curing treatment must generally
take place at a temperature less than 180.degree. C. in a cell in which
such a colour filter layer is provided, in order not to adversely affect
the colour filter layer. However such a lower temperature heat curing
treatment may be insufficient to prevent the surface alignment properties
of the alignment layer being significantly changed by heat treatments
applied during further processing.
Furthermore spacer walls may be formed on at least one of the substrates
for spacing the substrates apart when the substrates are connected
together and for securing the substrates together over the entire surface
area of the cell. Such spacer walls may be formed by an additional
manufacturing step carried out prior to application of the alignment layer
to the substrate, the additional manufacturing step typically comprising
spinning down of a polyimide layer on the substrate and selective etching
of the layer to form the spacer walls at the required locations.
Subsequent to the formation of the spacer walls, the alignment layer is
applied and rubbed to impart a preferred alignment direction, although the
existence of the spacer walls can mean that it is difficult to properly
rub all parts of the alignment layer. Furthermore the substrates are
connected together by a heat bonding process, at a temperature of
150-180.degree. C. for example, in order to bond the spacer walls on one
of the substrates to the surface of the other substrate, and such heat
bonding can significantly change the surface alignment properties of the
alignment layer on the two substrates. If a lower temperature heat curing
treatment as described above has previously been applied to one of the
substrates, for example because the substrate incorporates a colour filter
layer, such heat bonding can affect the surface alignment properties of
the two alignment layers to different extents, thus producing the
undesirable result that the two alignment layers have significantly
different surface alignment properties in the manufactured device.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved method of
manufacturing a liquid crystal device, for example by promoting the C2
state in a ferroelectric liquid crystal device during manufacture.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is provided a method of
manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device which comprises a cell
including a layer of chiral smectic ferroclectric liquid crystal material
contained between two substrates and at least one alignment layer for
determining the surface alignment of the molecules in the liquid crystal
material, the method including the steps of:
(a) selecting a suitable material for said alignment layer of the cell;
(b) filling the cell by introducing liquid crystal material between the
substrates of the cell to which said alignment layer is applied; and
(c) after filling of the cell, applying a heat treatment to the cell by
raising the cell to an elevated temperature and maintaining the cell at
said temperature for a predetermined period of time, said temperature and
said period of time being selected to cause the surface alignment
properties of said alignment layer to be changed by the heat treatment in
such a manner as to promote adoption of the C2 state by the liquid crystal
material on subsequent cooling to the device operating temperature.
The application of such a heat treatment after filling of the cell with the
liquid crystal material constitutes a high temperature annealing step
which serves to increase or decrease the surface alignment properties,
such as the pretilt, imparted by the alignment layer so that the C2 state
becomes more stable below the chiral smectic transition temperature. This
not only promotes the foron of the C2 state, but also ensures that the C2
state remains substantially unaffected by subsequent variations in
temperature. Furthermore certain liquid crystal materials may be caused to
adopt the C2 state which would not otherwise form the C2 state in use of a
conventional device manufacturing method.
The invention further provides a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal
device which comprises a cell including a layer of liquid crystal material
contained between two substrates each of which is provided with an
alignment layer for determining the surface alignment of the molecules in
the liquid crystal material, the method including the steps of:
(a) applying a first alignment layer to a first substrate;
(b) applying a second alignment layer to a second substrate;
(c) heat treating the first and second substrates to cure the first and
second alignment layers;
(d) rubbing the first and second alignment layers to provide the required
surface alignment;
(e) connecting the first and second substrates together so that the first
and second alignment layers face one another with a gab therebetween; and
(f) filling the cell by introducing liquid crystal material between the
first and second substrates;
wherein, in step (c), different heat treatments having different effects on
the surface alignment properties of the first and second alignment layers
are applied to the first and second substrates, and the first and second
alignment layers are made of different materials and/or are differently
processed in order to compensate for the effects of the different heat
treatments so that the first and second alignment layers have similar
surface alignment properties in the manufactured device.
By making the first and second alignment layers of different materials
and/or by processing the alignment layers differently, similar surface
alignment properties may be imparted to the first and second alignment
layers even though different heat treatments are applied to the alignment
layers. Thus, for example, if the first substrate incorporates a colour
filter layer, a relatively low temperature heat treatment of less than
180.degree. C. can be applied to the substrate to cure the first alignment
layer whilst not adversely affecting the colour filter layer, whereas, if
spacer walls are to be applied to the second substrate, a relatively high
temperature heat treatment at a temperature substantially greater than
180.degree. C., for example at a temperature of about 300.degree. C., can
be applied to the second substrate to fully harden the second alignment
layer. Such high temperature curing of the second alignment layer enables
the application of spacer walls on top of the second alignment layer by a
process in which a layer of material is applied to the substrate and is
subsequently etched, without the second alignment layer being removed by
the etching treatment. This allows rubbing of the second alignment layer
to impart a preferred alignment direction prior to application of the
spacer walls, thus enabling the second alignment layer to be rubbed more
uniformly than would be possible if the second alignment layer was applied
on top of the spacer walls.
The invention also provides a liquid crystal device including a cell
comprising a layer of liquid crystal material contained fist and second
substrates provided with first and second alignment layers for determining
the surface alignment of the molecules in the liquid crystal material,
wherein the first and second alignment layers are made of different
materials have inherently different surface alignment properties prior to
heat treatment, different heat treatments having been applied to the first
and second substrates during manufacture to cause the first and second
alignment layers to have substantially similar surface alignment
properties in the manufactured device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In order that the invention may be more fully understood, preferred methods
in accordance with the invention will now be described, by way of example,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a section through a FLCD cell;
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the two chevron states of the
liquid crystal material in the FLCD cell;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the surface alignment properties of the alignment
layer against the product of time and temperature of an annealing
treatment in such a cell; and
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic section through part of a colour FLCD cell.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a typical structure of a FLCD cell 1 in which a ferroelectric
liquid crystal material 2 in the chiral smectic phase is contained between
two glass substrates 3 and 4 arranged parallel to one another and sealed
at their edges. Transparent ITO (indium tin oxide) electrode structures 5
and 6 are applied to the inwardly directed faces of the substrates 3 and
4. Each of the electrode structures 5 and 6 is in the form of electrode
tracks arranged parallel to one another, the tracks of the structure 5
being arranged in rows and the tracks of the structure 6 being arranged in
columns extending perpendicularly to the rows so as to enable pixels at
the intersections of the rows and columns to be addressed by the
application of suitable strobe and data pulses to the intersecting tracks
of the two electrode structures 5, 6.
A thin polymer alignment layer 7 or 8, for example a polyamide or polyimide
alignment layer, is applied to the inwardly directed face of each
electrode structure 5 or 6, each alignment layer being treated to provide
a pretilt angle .xi. of about 2.degree. to 10.degree. to the surface, for
example, and being rubbed in a required rubbing direction by buffing with
a soft cloth made of rayon, for example, in order to impart a preferred
alignment to the molecules of the liquid crystal material 2 in the
vicinity of the alignment layers 7, 8. The rubbing directions of the two
layers 7, 8 are typically parallel and in the same direction. As is well
known the liquid crystal material is aligned during manufacture by cooling
through the higher temperature phases to the required chiral smectic
phase. When in the chiral smectic phase, the molecules are uniformly
aligned in microlayers extending perpendicularly to the glass substrates
3, 4, the molecules in each microlayer adopting a chevron geometry due to
the alignment of the molecules at the surfaces of the substrates 3, 4 on
the two sides of the liquid crystal layer, and preferentially being
aligned in the C2 state as referred to above, rather than in the C1 state.
The C1 and C2 states are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2, the molecules 20
being shown in each case aligned in a microlayer 21 between the inner
surfaces 22 and 23 of the cell substrates in the appropriate one of the
two chevron states, which differ in the angles made at the chevron
interface 24 midway between the surfaces 22 and 23. In this diagram the
molecules 20 in each microlayer 21 are shown as if each molecular axis is
on the surface of a cone 25 with the director 26 of each molecule being
orientated at an appropriate angle in the plane of the base 27 of the cone
25. Strong aligning forces anchor the molecules 20 in a tilted and aligned
direction adjacent to each of the substrate surfaces 22 and 23, the
direction of tilt and the alignment direction being determined by the
surface properties of the treated alignment layer, whereas the molecules
20 away from the substrate surfaces tend to arrange themselves in one of
two stable positions on the surface of the cone 25. When a small d.c.
electric field of appropriate polarity, amplitude and time is applied
across the cell during switching by the data and strobe pulses, the
molecules 20 rotate from one stable position on the surface of the cone 25
to the other stable position. The angle of the cone 25 around which each
molecule 20 rotates is the cone angle .theta., the angle between the
surface 22 or 23 and the microlayer 21 is .delta., and the surface tilt or
pretilt angle of the molecules at the surface 22 or 23 is .xi.. In the C2U
state, which is the preferred form of the C2 state, the director profile
of the molecules has mirror symmetry about the central plane of the cell,
In other words, the chevrons are symmetric and both surfaces are of the
same orientation.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the effect of annealing of the cell on the
surface alignment properties, that is the surface pretilt angle .xi. and
the anchoring coefficients, of the alignment layer of the cell. The manner
in which the surface alignment properties vary with the degree of
annealing, that is the product of the temperature applied and the duration
for which the temperature is applied, depends on the particular polymer
chosen for the alignment layer and the treatment of the alignment layer.
For example, it has been shown that the surface pretilt angle of five
different polymers, that is the polymers SE130, SE7311, SE 4110 and SE610
supplied by Nissan and the polymer Probimide 32 supplied by Ciba-Geigy,
vary in different ways with variation in the annealing time/temperatmne.
In each case the pretilt angle was measured with the cell filled with
liquid crystal material and after annealing and cooling to room
temperature. Generally speaking, different polymers exhibit three
different types of behaviour, and these are shown in FIG. 3 by the three
curves a), b) and c). In the case of a) type polymers, the surface
alignment properties, such as the pretilt angle, remain substantially
constant with variations in the annealing time/temperature, whereas, in
the case of b) type polymers, the pretilt angle increases with increasing
annealing time/temperature and, in the case of c) type polymers, the
pretilt angle decreases with increasing annealing time/temperature.
In a conventional FLCD manufacturing process the cell is filled by placing
it above a bath of liquid crystal material heated to a temperature at
which the material is in the isotropic phase, so that the bottom edges of
the substrates are in contact with the material within the bath, and by
then applying a vacuum so as to slowly draw the liquid crystal material
upwardly between the substrates by capillary action, with the cell being
maintained at a raised temperature during such filling. After filling of
the cell, which may take a number of hours, the heat is removed and the
cell is cooled down very slowly so that the liquid crystal material passes
from the isotropic phase through the cholesteric and smectic A phases to
the chiral smectic phase (usually the chiral smectic C phase) as the
material cools. However one or more of these phases may be omitted in
certain liquid crystal materials. Furthermore the polymer selected for the
alignment layer and the surface treatment imparted prior to assembly and
filling of the cell are selected to favour the C2 state on cooling of the
liquid crystal material. Low or medium values of the pretilt angle tend to
favour the C2 state, whereas high values of the pretilt angle tend to
favour the C1 state. The relevant criteria are described in more detail in
J. C. Jones, M. J. Towler, J. R. Hughes, "Fast, high contrast
ferroelectric liquid crystal displays and the role of dielectric
biaxiality", Displays (1993), vol. 14, no. 2, pp.86.
However the application of heat to the cell in such a process will itself
change the surface alignment properties of the alignment layer,
particularly where the alignment layer is formed from a polymer exhibiting
b) or c) type behaviour as described above. Furthermore, the fact that the
cell is filled progressively from bottom to top when the filling process
referred to above is used means that the alignment layer will be annealed
to a greater extent in the lower part of the cell than in the upper part
of the cell, with the result that the surface alignment properties of the
alignment layer will differ from the bottom to the top of the cell. This
means that the surface alignment properties of the alignment layer may
vary unpredictably after the manufacturing process has been completed with
the result that the proportion of the liquid crystal material in the C2
state will also vary. This can mean that certain polymers, which otherwise
exhibit desirable properties for promoting the formation of the C2 state
in a FLCD, are ruled out of consideration for the alignment layer because
they exhibit type b) or type c) behaviour as described above.
The invention proposes providing an annealing step in the manufacturing
process so as to ensure that, whether the polymer used for the alignment
layer is of type a), type b), or c), the surface alignment properties in
the manufactured cell are such that the surface tilt angle
.xi..gtoreq..theta.-.vertline..delta..vertline. is in a preferred band B
centred on .xi.=2.5.degree., say extending between 2.degree. and
3.degree., favouring formation of the C2 state. If, for example, a b) type
polymer is selected for the alignment layer which is such as to provide a
pretilt angle of substantially less than 2.5.degree. when the cell has
been filled, the annealing step may be applied at a temperature and for a
time sufficient to increase the pretilt angle in the manner indicated by
the curve b) in FIG. 3 until an optimum value is reached ensuring that the
pretilt angle in the manufactured cell is as close as possible to
2.5.degree. at the operating temperature. Conversely, if a c) type polymer
is selected for the alignment layer which is such as to provide a pretilt
angle of substantially more than 2.5.degree. after filling of the cell,
the annealing step may be applied at a temperature and for a time
sufficient to decrease the pretilt angle in the manner indicated by the
curve c) until an optimum value is reached ensuring that the pretilt angle
is as close as possible to 2.5.degree. in the manufactured cell at the
operating temperate.
Thus, in a typical manufacturing process incorporating the annealing step
of the invention, the cell is assembled in conventional manner after the
application of alignment layers to the inside surfaces of the two
substrates and after treatment of the alignment layers as described above,
the polymer for the alignment layers being selected to have the
appropriate surface alignment properties in the manufactured cell. After
filling of the cell with liquid crystal material from a bath of liquid
crystal material at an elevated temperature in the manner already
described, the filled cell is subjected to the required annealing step,
optionally after allowing the cell to cool to a temperature below the
chiral smectic phase transition temperature, possibly even to room
temperature. The annealing step may comprise heating the filled cell to a
temperature at which the liquid crystal material is in the nematic or
isotropic phase, for example a temperature of the order of 130.degree. C.,
and then maintaining the cell at this temperature for the required period
of time, for example one hour, to effect annealing of the cell. The
temperature and duration of the annealing step will depend on the
particular polymer used for the alignment layer, as well as on the surface
alignment properties required in the manufactured cell, which will in turn
depend on the particular liquid crystal material used in the cell.
Typically the temperature will be in the range of 100.degree. C. to
180.degree. C., and the duration will be in the range of five minutes to
three hours. When the annealing step has been completed, the heat is
removed from the cell and the cell is slowly cooled, for example at a rate
of 1.degree. C. per minute, until the cell is at room temperature. At the
completion of the cooling step the alignment layer has a surface pretilt
angle, for example of about 2.5.degree., which is matched as closely as
possible to the ideal angle for promoting formation of the C2V state in
the liquid crystal material, so that the molecules of the liquid crystal
material will tend to align themselves in the C2V state during cooling.
A further manufacturing method in accordance with the invention will now be
described wit reference to the manufacture of a FLCD for use in a colour
display which is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 4 and includes a cell 1'
comprising a layer of chiral smetic ferroelectric liquid crystal material
2' contained between first and second substrates 3' and 4', the first
substrate 3' incorporating a colour filter layer 15 and the second
substrate 4' having spacer walls 14 applied thereto. However it should be
understood that other types of liquid crystal device, which may or may not
incorporate a colour filter layer or spacer walls, may also be produced by
this further method. Furthermore the spacer walls 14 may be replaced by
spacer beads or active spacers, or the spacers may be produced prior to
over-coating with an alignment layer.
In order to manufacture the illustrated cell 1', the colour filter layer
15, incorporating red R, green G and blue B areas corresponding to each
pixel, is applied to the first substrate 3' in known manner, and
thereafter tree further layers are applied to the first substrate 3',
namely a planarisation layer 16, an electrode structure 17 in the form of
column tracks of transparent indium tin oxide, and a barrier layer 18,
prior to the application of a first alignment layer 7'. No colour filter
layer or planarisation layer is applied to the second substrate 4',
although an electrode structure 19, in the form of row electrode tracks of
transparent indium tin oxide, and a barrier layer 13 are applied in
similar manner to the first substrate, prior to the application of the
second alignment layer 8'.
Each of the first and second alignment layers 7' and 8' is applied by
spinning down a layer of liquid monomer is known manner and by
subsequently polymerising and hardening the layer by means of a heat
treatment. However, instead of applying the same heat treatment to both
alignment layers 7', 8' as would normally be expected, the first and
second substrates 3' and 4' are subjected to different heat treatments so
that the alignment layers 7' and 8' are cured to different extents. In the
case of the first substrate 3' incorporating the colour filter layer 15, a
relatively low temperature heat treatment at a temperature of less than
180.degree. C. is applied for a relatively short period of time, for
example half an hour, in order not to adversely affect the colour filter
layer 15, whereas, in the case of the second substrate 4' to which the
spacer walls 14 are to be applied, a relatively high temperature heat
treatment at a temperature of about 300.degree. C. is applied for a
relatively long period of time, for example one to three hours. Each of
the alignment layers 7', 8' is then rubbed, by buffing with a soft cloth
made of rayon for example, to impart a preferred alignment direction to
the layer in known manner.
The relatively high temperature heat treatment applied to the second
substrate 4' serves to harden the second alignment layer 8' to such an
extent as to enable the spacer walls 14 to be applied on top of the
alignment layer 8' by means of a process in which a layer of a liquid
polymer, such as polyimide, of a thickness corresponding to the required
spacing apart of the substrates (typically 1500 nm) is spun down on the
substrate, the layer being subsequently polymerised in known manner, for
example by exposure to ultraviolet radiation through a mask, prior to
being etched to remove the material of the layer in those areas in which
spacer walls are not provided. This process leaves the material in
position in those areas in which the spacer walls 14 are provided whilst
ensuring that the hardened alignment layer 8' is not attacked by the
etching treatment.
After processing of the first and second substrates 3', 4' in this manner,
the substrates are connected together by applying pressure to press the
substrates together whilst at the same time applying a heat bonding
treatment, at a temperature of about 150-180.degree. C. for a period of
time of about 1 hour for example, so as to cause the spacer walls 14 on
the second substrate 4' to bond to the first alignment layer 7' on the
first substrate 3'. This further heat treatment will result in changing of
the surface alignment properties, and particularly the pretilt angle .xi.,
of both alignment layers 7', 8', although the surface alignment properties
of the first alignment layer 7' will be changed to a greater extent than
the surface alignment properties of the second alignment layer 8' due to
the fact that the first alignment layer 7' has been cured to a lesser
extent.
In such a method in accordance with the invention, this difference in the
extent to which the surface alignment properties of the alignment layers
7', 8' are changed by such further heat treatment, and also by any
subsequent application of heat during filling of the cell 1 with liquid
crystal material 2 or subsequent to such filling, may be compensated for
by utilising different materials for the first and second alignment layers
7', 8', for example a material initially having a smaller pretilt angle
.xi. for the first alignment layer 7' and a material initially having a
greater pretilt angle .xi. for the second alignment layer 8', or vice
versa.
Whilst it is preferred to utilise different materials for the first and
second alignment layers 7', 8' to enable the surface alignment properties
of the two layers to be tuned by the subsequent processing steps applied
in order to ensure that the two alignment layers have substantially
similar surface alignment properties, and particularly similar pretilt
angles .xi., in the manufactured device, it is also possible for such
tuning to be effected by utilising alignment layers of similar materials
which are subsequently processed in different ways to provide alignment
layers having similar surface aligment properties in the manufactured
device.
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