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United States Patent |
5,793,214
|
Wakamatsu
|
August 11, 1998
|
Electromagnetic inductive probe
Abstract
A highly accurate electromagnetic-induction-type conductivity and
dielectric constant meter is obtained by using a calibration box
(instrument) and a structure as below. The conductivity and dielectric
constant meter employs an electromagnetic inductive probe which includes a
primary transformer composed of a toroidal core with a wound primary coil,
a secondary transformer composed of a toroidal core with a wound secondary
coil, an electrostatic shield shielding the transformers, and cables that
connect the probe to a meter. To eliminate the electrostatic capacity
produced by causes other than electromagnetic induction, the structure of
the probe is symmetrical. In a first embodiment, the secondary transformer
is placed between two parts of the primary transformer, which has two
cores of the same shape that are placed symmetrically. The structure,
including the primary and secondary transformers, gaps in the
electrostatic shields, and cables, are symmetrical with respect to a plane
perpendicular to the central axis of the ring shapes and passes through
the center of the annular core of the secondary transformer.
Inventors:
|
Wakamatsu; Hideki (Kobe, JP)
|
Assignee:
|
Hewlett-Packard Company (Palo Alto, CA)
|
Appl. No.:
|
851815 |
Filed:
|
May 6, 1997 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S. Class: |
324/601; 324/74; 324/127; 324/445 |
Intern'l Class: |
G01N 027/07 |
Field of Search: |
324/601,202,445,74,127,204,225
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4425545 | Jan., 1984 | Scalese | 324/202.
|
5293128 | Mar., 1994 | Zhou | 324/202.
|
5341102 | Aug., 1994 | Akiyama | 324/601.
|
5397980 | Mar., 1995 | Blose | 324/601.
|
5453697 | Sep., 1995 | Schweer | 324/601.
|
5666058 | Sep., 1997 | Wakamatsu | 324/601.
|
Primary Examiner: Karlsen; Ernest F.
Assistant Examiner: Solis; Jose M.
Parent Case Text
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/435,170 filed on May 5,
1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,251.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for calibrating an impedance meter employing an annular
electromagnetic inductive probe, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a calibration instrument for said impedance meter, said impedance
meter comprising:
a conductive box surrounding an outer surface of said probe;
a projection that passes through an inner circle of said probe;
a coaxial connector, an inner conductor of said coaxial connector connected
to said projection, and an outer conductor of said coaxial connector
connected to said conductive box;
a hole in said conductive box enabling passage of cables of said probe; and
means for opening and closing said box, so that said probe can be placed
into and removed from the conductive box;
placing said probe into said calibration instrument so that said projection
passes through the inner circle of said probe; and
calibrating said impedance meter by using three standard impedances to be
successively connected to said coaxial connector.
2. A method for calibrating an impedance meter employing an, annular
electromagnetic inductive probe as recited in claim 1, wherein said three
standard impedances are OPEN, SHORT and LOAD.
3. A calibration instrument for an impedance meter employing an
electromagnetic inductive probe having plural cables, one of said cables
for applying a signal to an inductor included in said probe and another of
said cables for connecting a measuring device to another inductor included
in said probe, said calibration instrument comprising:
a conductive box surrounding an outer surface of said probe;
a conductive projection that passes through an inner circle of said probe
and connects to one wall of said conductive box;
a coaxial connector mounted in a second wall that is opposite said one
wall, an inner conductor of said coaxial connector connected to said
conductive projection, and an outer conductor of said coaxial connector
connected to said second wall of said conductive box;
a hole in said conductive box enabling passage of said cables of said
probe; and
means for opening and closing said box, so that said probe can be placed
into and removed from the conductive box.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention concerns, in general, impedance measuring devices; and in
particular, an electromagnetic inductive probe used in the field of
electrical property measurements quantitative research, testing, and
control of the structures of colloidal substances, an instrument for
correcting the measurements, and a method for making such corrections.
BACKGROUND OF THE ART
Colloids are dispersion systems composed of a particulate-form dispersed
substance and a continuous-phase dispersion medium. The dispersed
substance and dispersion medium are not uniformly mixed. As a means of
evaluating the form of this kind of non-uniform structure, methods are
known for measuring its electrical properties, such as conductivity,
dielectric constant, etc. In recent years, methods for measuring the
dielectric constant by using impedance measurements have been studied. For
example, the electrical impedance of food colloids shows somewhat greater
electrostatic capacitance than pure water. Means have been developed for
detecting the structure of a colloid (dimensions of the particles of the
dispersed substance, their density, etc.) from this electrostatic capacity
and their frequency properties (frequency distribution).
If an electrostatic capacity measurement, i.e., a dielectric constant
measurement, can be practically achieved, a large contribution will have
been made to the study of the stabilization of dispersion systems and
product quality control.
Even though the advantages of electrostatic capacity measurements are
understood, it is difficult in practice to expediently make such
measurements. The first reason is that, since (especially with foods) the
source is a biological organism, the colloid solutions are aqueous,
contain large quantities of ions, have large conductivities and small
electrostatic capacities. For example, the magnitude of the susceptance
(electrostatic capacitance) in comparison with the conductance of a
certain fermentation solution is approximately 1/500. Nevertheless, the
number of fermenting bacteria in the fermentation solution is correlated
with its dielectric constant. Therefore, in order to control accurately
the fermentation process by measuring electrostatic capacity, which varies
with the progress of the fermentation, a resolution of approximately
1/5000 rad is necessary. The electrostatic capacity measurement values
must be correctly separated and isolated so that they are not perturbed by
changes in conductance. For this purpose, the phase angle of the complex
impedance measurement must be correctly calibrated.
Even though a colloid solution (that is the subject of measurement) is
enclosed between 2 electrodes and its electrostatic capacity is measured,
such measurement is difficult because a low resistance is equivalently
present in parallel with the electrostatic capacity.
The second reason why it is difficult to make electrostatic capacity
measurements is a fundamental problem in electrochemistry. Because of the
effect of interface polarization of the electrode plates, it is extremely
difficult to isolate only the electrostatic capacity of the colloid
solution. Interface polarization is primarily an electrostatic capacity
effect resulting from a contact impedance produced between the solution
and an electrode plate. If this interface polarization could be removed
and only the impedance of the solution itself measured, quantitative
information concerning the structure of the colloid could be obtained from
the measurement's frequency distribution.
When a solution is measured with 2 electrodes, interface polarization is a
problem. Since interface polarization is a type of contact impedance, it
appears that it can be easily resolved by a 4-terminal measurement
(4-terminal method). Such an operation will be discussed in conjunction
with FIG. 10 to describe the principle of a 4-terminal measurement.
Electrodes 61 and 64 supply current and are immersed in a colloid solution
21 filling a solution tank 20. A signal is applied between electrodes 61
and 64 from signal source 2 and an alternating current is caused to flow
into solution 21; the amplitude and phase of the current are measured by
ammeter 5. Measurement electrodes 62 and 63 are immersed in solution 21
between electrodes 61 and 64, and the amplitude and phase of the voltage
between them is measured by voltmeter 4. It should be possible to obtain
the impedance from the ratio of the measured values of voltage and
current.
However, even though a theoretical voltmeter with an infinitely large input
impedance is used for voltmeter 4, only a small improvement in the
interface polarization problem results. The reasons for this are as
follows. First, the electrical field produced by the voltage applied
between electrodes 61 and 64 must be equipotential on planes parallel to
the electrode plates, and potential-measuring electrodes 62 and 63 must be
inserted on the respective equipotential planes. It is extremely difficult
to practically achieve this arrangement. If they are misaligned, the
potentials are different at positions in the longitudinal direction of
potential measurement electrodes 62 and 63, and excesses and deficits of
current are produced in the electrodes. Moreover, since
potential-measuring electrodes 62, 63 have finite thicknesses, part of the
solution will be short-circuited, and current excesses and deficits will
result. The excesses and deficits of currents passing through the
interface between solution 21 and electrodes 61, 64 produce interface
polarization. As a result, an interface polarization error is introduced
into the calculated impedance value (a ratio of voltage and current).
FIG. 11 is a 4-electrode method that reduces the effect of the interface
polarization of FIG. 10. In this figure, the same reference numbers are
assigned to the elements which have the same functions as in FIG. 10. The
narrow parts of solution tank 20 function like liquid electrodes; they
touch the solution columns that are the objects of measurement, without
interface polarization. However, as can be predicted, reducing the effects
of the interface polarization and trying to measure the solution columns
accurately are not necessary compatible. The extension of part of the
liquid polarization places strict requirements on the large input
impedance, obtained at the voltmeter 4, which is a differential potential
difference detector, and requires common mode signal removal. The
correction procedure for obtaining high measurement accuracies over a wide
frequency range and a wide dielectric constant range becomes complex. In
addition, of course, there are inconveniences of operation, such as
cleaning.
In order to fundamentally solve the problem of the effects of interface
polarization, a measurement technique that requires no electrodes has been
proposed, (i.e., eliminating the contact between the electrodes and the
solution). In such method, a closed-circuit current is allowed to flow in
the solution by electromagnetic induction, and the current is measured by
electromagnetic induction. FIG. 12 is a diagram which illustrates the
principles of this measurement technique.
A primary transformer, consists of a primary coil 11 wound on a toroidal
core 10, and a secondary transformer, consists of a secondary coil 13
wound on a toroidal core 12. When the transformers are immersed in
solution 21, the solution completes a circuit therebetween. Therefore,
when an alternating current is allowed to flow to primary coil 11 from
signal source 2, a closed circuit current 65 is caused to flow in the
solution by electromagnetic induction. Due to this closed circuit current
65, an alternating current magnetic flux is produced in toroidal core 12,
and an electromagnetic force is produced in secondary coil 13, causing a
current to flow. Therefore, if the voltage induced in secondary coil 13 or
the current flowing in secondary coil 13 is measured, the closed circuit
current is obtained. Since the magnitude of the closed circuit current
produced by the electromagnetic induction is proportional to the
admittance of solution 21, the dielectric constant can be calculated from
the measured value of the closed circuit current. This method does not
produce interface polarization, since electrodes are not used as the
source of current flowing in the solution.
Therefore, the electromagnetic induction method is primarily a method for
measuring solutions with high conductivity; however, it is not a practical
method for systems with small dielectric constants, i.e., for the
measurement of electrostatic capacities. This is because, when a detection
device such as shown in FIG. 12 is used to measure electrostatic
capacities, measurement errors are produced by undesired coupling. This
undesired coupling is shown in FIG. 13. If there is a coupling between
primary coil 11 and secondary coil 13, due to electrostatic capacity 66, a
current (other than the closed circuit current due to the original
electromagnetic induction) will flow in the secondary coil, introducing an
error. Since this electrostatic capacity 66 varies with the solution, it
is impossible to compensate for it. Moreover, an error is also produced by
the dielectric coupling between the coils due to the stray magnetic flux
67 from the coils. For these reasons, it has not been possible to measure
susceptances that are small, in proportion to the conductances of
solutions.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The object of this invention is to provide electrical and mechanical
structures of the probe part of an electromagnetic-induction-type
conductivity and dielectric constant meter which makes possible absolute
value determinations of conductivities and dielectric constants with
highly accurate linearities.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention makes possible a highly accurate
electromagnetic-induction-type conductivity and dielectric constant meter
that eliminates the electrostatic capacity produced in a solution
transmission pathway from causes other than electromagnetic induction. The
invention further improves the resolution of phase angle measurements. A
simple, highly accurate calibration device, a geometrical symmetry of
structure of the probe and an electrostatic shield between primary and
secondary coils are disclosed. The electromagnetic inductive probe has the
following structural elements (see FIG. 1): a primary transformer composed
of a toroidal core 10 with a primary coil 11 wound on it, a secondary
transformer composed of a toroidal core 11 with a secondary coil 13 wound
on it, an electrostatic shield 14 shielding the transformers, cables 6 and
7 that connect the probe with main body 1 of the meter, and an outer resin
mold 9.
In order to eliminate the electrostatic capacity produced by causes other
than electromagnetic induction, the structure of the probe is made
symmetrical. In one embodiment of this invention, the secondary
transformer is placed between the 2 parts of the primary transformer,
which has 2 cores of the same shape that are placed symmetrically. The
structure, including the primary and secondary transformers, gaps in the
electrostatic shields, and cables, are made symmetrical with respect to a
plane perpendicular to the central axis of the ring shapes and passes
through the center of the annular core of the secondary transformer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of this invention;
FIGS. 3a and 3b shows a third embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 4 shows the basic structure of this invention;
FIG. 5 shows how offset occurs due to the asymmetrical nature of the sense
structure;
FIGS. 6a-6c illustrate the principle of employing a 3-point calibration
method to the electromagnetic inductive probe;
FIG. 7 shows the basic structure of a calibration instrument incorporating
this invention;
FIGS. 8a and 8b show an equivalent circuit of this invention;
FIG. 9 shows how stabilization of core constants is achieved by 2 windings;
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating 4-terminal measurement of a solution;
FIG. 11 shows an improved form of a 4-terminal measurement of a solution;
FIG. 12 shows the principle of an electromagnetic-induction-type
conductivity meter;
FIG. 13 shows the parasitic coupling which occurs in an
electromagnetic-induction-type conductivity meter.
Explanation of Symbols
1: Impedance meter
2: Signal source
3: Resistance
4: Voltmeter
5: Ammeter
6: Coaxial cable
7: Coaxial cable
8: Electromagnetic inductive probe
9: Outer resin mold
10: Primary toroidal core
11: Primary coil
12: Secondary toroidal core
13: Secondary coil
14: Shield
15: Gap
16: Hole penetrating through core
17: Short-circuit wire
18: Balun
19: Equivalent circuit of balun
20: Solution tank
21: Colloid solution
22: Offset electrostatic capacity
23: Current circuit producing offset electrostatic capacity
31: SHORT for calibration
32: LOAD resistance for calibration
41: Calibration instrument (main body)
42: Internal projection
43: Inner conductor of coaxial connector
44: Outer conductor of coaxial connector
45: Opening
51: Impedance of colloid solution
52: Primary coil (exciting)
53: Primary coil (for voltage detection)
54: Secondary coil (for current detection)
55: Secondary coil (for detecting magnetic flux)
56: Reverse amplifier
61: Electrode for feeding current
62: Electrode for measuring potential
63: Electrode for measuring potential
64: Electrode for feeding current
65: Closed circuit current produced by electromagnetic induction
66: Parasitic electrostatic capacity
67: Stray magnetic flux
Le1, Le2: Exciting inductances
L11, L12: Stray inductance and cable inductance
Re1, Re2: Exciting resistances
R11, R12: Coil resistance and cable conductor resistance
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In this invention, problems are solved that arise when an electromagnetic
inductive probe is applied to the measurement of electrostatic capacity.
First, the parasitic coupling between primary coil 11 and secondary coil
13 (as shown in FIG. 13) is eliminated by means of an electrostatic
shield. FIG. 4 shows the basic structure of the probe part of the
invention. FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a cross section of the
electromagnetic inductive probe, cut by a plane passing through the
central axis of the toroidal core. The same reference numbers are used in
FIG. 4 for the elements with the same functions as in FIG. 12 (this is
also the case for the following figures).
An impedance meter 1 is composed of a signal source 2, a resistance 3, a
voltmeter 4, and an ammeter 5. Resistance 3 is a current-limiting
resistance of the signal source.
Electromagnetic inductive probe 8 includes a primary transformer, formed by
a primary coil 11 wound on a toroidal core 10, a secondary transformer,
formed by a secondary coil 13 wound on a toroidal core 12, a shield 14,
and an outer resin mold 9. Impedance meter 1 and electromagnetic inductive
probe 8 are connected by cables 6 and 7. In order to simplify the diagram,
the coils are not drawn as though they are wound spirally. Primary coil 11
and secondary coil 13 are separated from each other by shield 14. Shield
14 includes small gaps 15 between it and primary coil 11 and secondary
coil 13, so that shorting does not occur.
The structure of FIG. 4 enables parasitic electrostatic capacity to be
eliminated. Moreover, the stray magnetic flux is made small, compared to
the parasitic electrostatic capacity. At high frequencies, the stray
magnetic flux is removed by the shield. Moreover, there arises a
microphonic coupling due to magnetic strain oscillations of the core
material. In order to prevent this, a suitable buffer material may be
placed between the core and outer resin mold 9.
In measuring solutions on a beaker scale, where the solution is not
grounded, there is no problem using probes as shown in FIG. 4. However, if
the solution container is on a tank scale, and the solution is in a state
in which it is close to being grounded, a new problem arises. That problem
is the existence of an electrical pathway (of the sort shown in FIG. 5)
which causes errors.
In the probe structure using two coils shown in FIG. 5, the shield
structure between the primary and secondary transformers passes through
the centers of the ring shapes of the cores of the transformers. It is not
symmetrical with respect to a perpendicular plane along the central axis
of the rings. Therefore, the primary transformer raises the mean potential
of the solution above zero. This is due to the fact that a common mode
voltage component is produced with respect to the solution. This is
because the potentials distributed at various places on the shield plates,
as seen from the current supply point where the outer conductor of cable 6
is connected to the shield 14, and the electrostatic capacity with the
solution are not in balance with respect to the aforementioned plane of
symmetry.
When the solution is grounded, a current 23 flows to ground due to the
aforementioned effect, and if the secondary transformer is asymmetrical on
the left and right, a signal is detected which corresponds to the
magnitude of this difference. In FIG. 5, the secondary transformer, like
the primary transformer, does not have a symmetrical shield structure. The
resulting difference is observed as an offset electrostatic capacity 22.
Current pathway 23 in FIG. 5 shows the pathway of the imbalance in the
asymmetrical current.
It is probably possible to find a current feed position that would not
cause this potential difference. However, this invention solves the
problem by making the probe structure symmetrical. That is, the structure
of the probe is made symmetrical with respect to a plane perpendicular to
the central axis of the rings and passing through the center of the core
ring of the secondary transformer. Furthermore, for there to be a
compensating effect, the symmetrical structure must include the core, the
shield structure, and an aperture through which the wiring may be pulled.
Examples of this embodiment are shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. FIG. 1 is a
structure in which the primary transformer is split in two, and the
secondary transformer is placed between the 2 parts. In order to produce
symmetry with respect to the secondary transformer, the 2 coils of the
primary transformer are connected in parallel. The shield gaps are also
made symmetrical.
The example of FIG. 2 is a structure in which toroidal cores 10 and 12 have
different diameters and are arranged concentrically. For the sake of
symmetry, the lead wire from inner coil 13 is passed through a hole 16 in
the radial direction, which passes through the center of the cross section
of outer core 10 and leads outside the probe.
The example of FIG. 3 is a structure in which the cores are arranged
concentrically, as in FIG. 2. In this example, the symmetrical structure
is destroyed because the lead wires are taken out from the sides of the
coils. The potential difference that results is equilibrated and measured
by a balun 18. The lead cables 6 and 7 of the primary and secondary
transformers are passed through balun 18 from opposite directions and are
connected to main meter 1. The outer conductors of the 2 cables are
connected to each other by a short-circuiting wire 17, on the measuring
device side of the balun. As can be seen from equivalent circuit 19 in
FIG. 3a (equivalent to balun 18), cables 6 and 7 are equivalent to
transformers wound in opposite directions, and since the outer conductors
of the cables have the same potential on the meter side, due to
short-circuit wire 17, equilibrium is obtained.
In FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, the same effect can be obtained by structures in
which the primary and secondary transformers are exchanged in position.
By the means described above, only the current that is induced by the
primary transformer and flows through the solution can be detected by the
secondary transformer. However, since the probe of this invention is used
by extending it by means of cables 6 and 7 from meter 1, and the probe
itself has a residual error that is difficult to calculate, the
measurement system as a whole must be calibrated.
It is known that impedance meters are ordinarily calibrated through use of
three known impedances. For such a calibration method, see Japan Public
Patent Applications Nos. 5-85545 and 5-352215.
It is conceivable that the three known impedances may be obtained by use of
prepared solutions, but a simpler, more accurate and more stable
calibration method is used by this invention. Since measurement terminals
in ordinary impedance meters are used in open, short, and load (i.e., a
known resistance) states, it is this concept that is applied to the probe.
FIGS. 6a-6c show diagrams of the principle for applying three-point
calibration to the electromagnetic inductive probe. For the "OPEN" state,
probe 8 is placed in air, for the "SHORT" state, a conductor 31 with 1
winding is passed through probe 8, and for the "LOAD" state, part of the
conductor with 1 winding of the SHORT state is replaced with a known
resistance 32. Furthermore, in the SHORT state, a current limiting
resistor 3 is connected in series with signal generator 2 shown in FIG. 1,
etc., so that an over-current does not flow to signal generator 2.
FIG. 7 shows the fundamental structure of an example of a calibration
instrument devised to trace the calibration of the measurement system.
In FIG. 7, probe 8 is contained in the calibration instrument. FIG. 7 is a
diagram of a cross section through a plane that passes through the central
axis of the core of probe 8. The main body 41 of the instrument, made of a
conductive material, surrounds the outer surface of probe 8. A projection
42 on the inside of main instrument body 41 passes through the probe and
is connected to internal conductor 43 of a coaxial connector. The outside
of main instrument body 41 is connected to outer conductor 44 of the
coaxial connector. An opening 45 is provided through which pass cables 6
and 7. If probe 8 is enclosed in this structure and a resistor is
connected to the coaxial connector, a LOAD state results. If the coaxial
connector is short-circuited by a short-circuiting plate, a SHORT state
results.
In order to place the probe into this instrument and remove it, a suitable
means for dividing and reuniting the main instrument body may be
implemented at a suitable position.
Since an instrument incorporating this invention can be connected with a
standard by means of the coaxial connector, traceability can be obtained.
Moreover, multipliers for converting from measured impedance values to
conductivities and dielectric constants, i.e., the conversion coefficients
intrinsic to the probe dimensions, are constant multipliers that need only
be obtained once (in the developmental stage of the probe). This is
because, if the probe is molded, there are no great variations in its
dimensions. Moreover, differences in the dimensions of the probe primarily
produce errors in the amplitudes of the measured values, but what is
important for measuring minute electrostatic capacities with good
accuracy, is the phase accuracy rather than the amplitude accuracy. The
phase accuracy is determined by the resistance and inductance component of
the LOAD calibration; and it is common knowledge that these can be made
extremely stable.
FIGS. 8a and 8b show the basic principle of this embodiment and its
equivalent circuit. Impedance 51 that is the subject of measurement can be
regarded as a load on closed circuit current 65 (produced by
electromagnetic induction in part of the solution). Direct-current
resistances (R11 and R12) and stray inductances (L11 and L12) are present
in the coils and measurement cables. If the exciting impedance of the
cores, i.e., the exciting resistances (Re1 and Re2) and the exciting
inductances (Le1 and Le2) vary with temperature, etc., after calibration,
differential voltage errors will be produced on the primary side and
differential current errors will be produced on the secondary side.
FIG. 9 shows a method for dealing with these effects. As shown in the
figure, two primary and two secondary coils are provided. Exciting coil 52
of the primary transformer is connected to signal source 2 through
resistance 3. Coil 53 for detecting voltage is connected to voltmeter 4.
Current detecting coil 54 of the secondary transformer is connected to one
end of ammeter 5 and the ground terminal. The magnetic flux detecting coil
55 is connected to the input of differential amplifier 56, and the output
of differential amplifier 56 is connected to the other end of the ammeter
5. By means of this structure, a voltage proportional to the net magnetic
flux of core 10 is detected by voltmeter 4. Moreover, since feedback is
applied so that the magnetic flux of core 12 of the secondary transformer
becomes zero, all of the current flows to ammeter 5. Therefore, stability
with respect to temperature changes, etc., is achieved.
This method can, of course, be applied to the examples shown in FIGS. 1, 2,
and 3. Furthermore, resistance 3, besides limiting the current in the
SHORT state of the calibration so that an over-current does not flow to
signal generator 2, also serves as a current limiter. When the measured
impedance in the circuit of FIG. 9 is small. This prevents the instrument
from becoming unstable at such times.
Examples of this invention have been shown above, but it is not limited to
the lay-outs, part forms, arrangements, etc., of the examples, and, if
desired, modifications of the structure may be performed, as long as the
essential elements of this invention are not lost.
Moreover, this invention is not only effective in measuring liquids, but
also in so-called "clamp"-type impedance meters for measuring circuits
without cutting them.
EFFECTIVENESS OF INVENTION
By means of the invention, it is possible to measure very small
electrostatic capacities of colloidal solutions. The invention solves the
problem of interface polarization, allows the resistance component to be
measured with high accuracy.
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