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United States Patent |
5,721,467
|
Zhang
,   et al.
|
February 24, 1998
|
Quantum inclusion effect lateral field emitter
Abstract
A field emission cold cathode is disclosed which comprises a first thin
film formed of an emitting material and second thin films differing in
composition from the first thin film, wherein the second thin films are
superposed one each on the main surfaces of the first thin film to form a
laminated structure, the lateral sides of the laminated structure expose
the lateral end parts of the first thin film and the second thin films,
and the exposed end parts of the first thin film emit electrons under an
electric field. A method for the production of the cold cathode is also
disclosed.
Inventors:
|
Zhang; Li (Inagi, JP);
Sakai; Tadashi (Yokohama, JP);
Ono; Tomio (Yokohama, JP);
Yamauchi; Takashi (Yokohama, JP)
|
Assignee:
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Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Kanagawa-ken, JP)
|
Appl. No.:
|
707454 |
Filed:
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September 4, 1996 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S. Class: |
313/310; 257/10; 313/309; 313/336; 313/496 |
Intern'l Class: |
H01J 001/30; H01J 019/24 |
Field of Search: |
313/309,351,336,495,496,497,310,366,368,367
257/10
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
5308439 | May., 1994 | Cronin et al. | 313/336.
|
5384509 | Jan., 1995 | Kane et al. | 313/309.
|
5610471 | Mar., 1997 | Bandy et al. | 313/309.
|
Other References
C.A. Spindt et al., "Physical Properties of Thin-Film Field Emission
Cathodes with Molybdenum Cones", J. Appl. Phys., 47(12):5248-5263 (1976)
(no month).
S. Bandy et al., "Complete Vacuum Microelectronic Structures Using GaAs",
Proc. IEDM, pp. 375-378 (1992). (Dec).
T. Oshima et al., Electron Beam Emission From GaAs Field Emitter Covered
with GaAs/A/As Superlattice, J. Soc. Appl. Phys., Abstract 30p-T-14 (1995)
(no month).
|
Primary Examiner: Horabik; Michael
Assistant Examiner: Day; Michael
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A field emission cathode comprising:
a first thin film formed of an emitting material;
and second thin films differing in composition from said first thin film,
said second thin film superposed one each on each of the main surfaces of
the first thin film to form a laminated structure, the lateral sides of
the laminated structure exposing the lateral end parts of said first thin
film and said second thin films, an exposed end part of the first thin
film in the lateral end parts emitting electrons under an electric field,
wherein the emitting material forming the first thin film is comprises a
first semiconductor material having a narrow band-gap and the material
forming said second thin films compose a second semiconductor material
having a wide band-gap than said first semiconducting material, and,
wherein said first thin film has a thickness for inducing an effect of
quantum inclusion that allows the energy of the electron to be quantized
and permits field emission of electrons of uniform energy.
2. The field emission cold cathode according to claim 1, wherein said first
semiconductor is so composed that the Fermi level energy thereof surpasses
the lowest energy of the conduction band and the actual work function
thereof is decreased.
3. The field emission cold cathode according to claim 1, wherein the
combination of said first semiconductor and said second semiconductor is
one member selected from the group consisting of GaAs/AlGaAs, InP/GaInAs,
InGaAs/InAlAs, GaAs/AlAs, InAs/GaSb, GaP/GaAsP, ZnSe/ZnTe, ZnS/ZnSe,
Si/SiGe, and Si/SiC.
4. The field emission cold cathode according to claim 3, wherein said
second semiconducting material has undergone modulated doping.
5. The field emission cold cathode according to claim 1, wherein said first
thin film is formed of a metallic material and, at the same time, said
second thin films are formed of a dielectric material.
6. The field emission cold cathode according to claim 5, wherein said
metallic material is one member selected from the group consisting of Mo,
W, Hf, Pt, Au, Nb, Cr, and Ta and said dielectric material is one member
selected from the group consisting of SiO.sub.2 and Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.
7. The field emission cold cathode according to claim 1, wherein said first
thin film has an approximate thickness of not more than 10 nm and said
second thin films have a thickness of not less than 100 nm.
8. The field emission cold cathode according to any one of claims 2, 6 or
7, wherein said laminated structure has said first thin film formed of an
emitting material and said second thin films alternately superposed in a
plurality of layers.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a field emission cold cathode and a method for
the manufacturing thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the miniature cold cathodes using the micromachining
technology that has been growing with a view mainly to the development of
semiconductor integrated circuits are being energetically promoted. As a
typical example of these miniature cold cathodes, the field emission cold
cathode which was proposed by C. A. Spindt et al. (Journal of Applied
Physics, vol. 47, 5248, 1976) is well known.
This field emission cold cathode is represented in FIG. 18. As illustrated
in the diagram, the field emission cold cathode is composed of a substrate
1 such as is formed of Si, an emitter 2 such as is formed of Mo as
disposed on the substrate 1, an oxide film 3 such as is formed of
SiO.sub.2, and a gate electrode 4 such as is formed of Mo. The emitter 2
is shaped in a substantially triangular cross section so as to form a
leading end as sharply pointed as permissible.
The field emission cold cathode mentioned above has been the subject of an
increasingly energetic study encouraged by the expectations for an
application to devices of novel principles. Studies have been so far
initiated for exploring the application of the field emission cold cathode
to ultrahigh frequency devices, flat displays, light sources, and sensors,
for example. Expectations are gathering at the development of a device
that harnesses the feature of the electron source thereof and surpasses
the limits of solid state devices of semiconductors.
The theory of Fowler-Nordheim is utilized as the principle of the field
emission devices. This theory indicates that the emission current is
determined by the work function of the emitter material and the field
strength of the part for radiating electrons.
For the purpose of heightening the emission current, the method which
decreases the work function by using a material of low affinity, decreases
the radius of curvature of the leading end of the emitter by adjusting the
shape thereof, and heightens the field strength by causing the other
electrode to approach the emitter until the distance therebetween reaches
the order of submicrons is followed.
The basic structure of the conventional field emission cold cathode
consists in an array of a multiplicity of pairs each formed of a sharply
pointed emitter of a metal or a semiconductor and a gate disposed so
closely to the leading end of the emitter as to induce an intense electric
field at the leading end. As respects the process of manufacture, the
vacuum deposition method or the sputtering method is used more often than
not where the material is a metal or the method for cutting the components
from a single crystal by etching is used where the material is a
semiconductor.
The structure and process of manufacture of the conventional field emission
cold cathode mentioned above, however, encounter the following serious
problems.
Firstly, the field emission cold cathode mentioned above inevitably
requires to regulate dimensionally the shaping of the leading end part of
an emitter accurately to the order of nanometers to ensure necessary
concentration of the electric field at the leading end of an emitter. Even
with the existing micromachining technology, however, it is difficult to
produce the emitters in uniform structure because the produced emitters
tend to be dispersed in terms of height and shape of the leading end.
The currents radiated from the emitters are very sensitive to the
structures of the emitters. The possible dimensional dispersion produces
the state in which only part of the array of pairs is allowed to operate
and entails the problem of decreasing the currents of field emission.
Since the shape of the array of emitters is undulated, the distances from
the leading ends of the emitters in the array to the corresponding gate
electrodes to be formed subsequently are regulated with difficulty. Thus,
the process of manufacture of the array not only suffers from poor
repeatability and yield but also lacks conformity with the LSI planar
technology.
Secondly, since the emitters require their leading ends to be sharply
pointed, the process of manufacture varies with the kind of the material
to be used for the emitters. The process in itself, therefore, lacks
versatility and consequently incurs the problem of boosting the cost for
mass production.
Thirdly, since the work function is governed by the kind of a material to
be used, even the material which excels in such characteristics for a
vacuum element as the adaptability for a microstructure and the adequacy
as a vacuum material cannot be safely used for the emitters so long as the
work function of the material is high. The emitters consequently have a
limited selection of materials.
Fourthly, since the electrons to be emitted have an expanded energy band,
the field emission cold cathode has the problem that it will not be
perfectly proper for use in ultrahigh frequency devices.
As described above, the field emission cold cathode of the conventional
structure incurs many problems such as insufficient and ununiform
efficiency of field emission, unduly low yield of production, and poor
compatibility with the planar technology because the emitters thereof
obtained by machining have shapes that are deficient in repeatability and
uniformity and the gate electrodes thereof obtained by forming have shapes
that are poor in controllability.
The conventional field emission cold cathode also entails such problems as
variability of the method of manufacture with the kinds of materials to be
used, sparing adaptability for mass production from the viewpoint of
process, and high cost of production.
Further, the selection of the materials for the cold cathode is restricted
by the work function and the properties for a vacuum device other than the
work function have only little room for selection.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention has been produced for the purpose of solving the problems
mentioned above. The first object of the present invention is to provide a
field emission cold cathode that allows an enlarged range of materials for
selection as compared with the conventional field emission cold cathode
and a method for the production thereof.
The second object of this invention is to provide a field emission cold
cathode that permits the efficiency of field emission to be exalted and
uniformized and enables the uniformity of energy to be improved and a
method for the production thereof.
The third object of this invention is to provide a field emission cold
cathode that abounds in adaptability for mass production and a method for
the production thereof.
The first field emission cold cathode of this invention that fulfills the
objects of this invention described above comprises a first thin film
formed of an emitting material and second thin films differing in
composition from the first thin film, wherein the second thin films are
superposed one each on the main surfaces of the first thin film to form a
laminated structure, the lateral sides of the laminated structure expose
the lateral side end parts of the first thin film and the second thin
films, and the exposed end parts of the first thin film emit electrons
under an electric field.
The first field emission cold cathode of this invention is further
characterized in that the first thin film is formed of a narrow band gap
semiconducting material and the second thin films are formed of a wide
band gap semiconducting material and the first thin film is so constructed
as to have a Fermi level higher than the bottom of the conduction band and
manifest a diminished actual work function.
The first field emission cold cathode of this invention is also
characterized in that the first thin film is formed of a metallic material
and the second thin films are formed of a dielectric material.
Then, the field emission cold cathode mentioned above is characterized by
the first thin film being formed in a thickness for allowing the thin film
to produce a quantum inclusion effect, enabling the energy of electrons to
be quantized, and permitting emission of electrons of uniform energy.
The method for the production of the field emission cold cathode of this
invention is characterized by comprising a step of forming a thin-film
laminated structure by having thin films of a narrow band gap
semiconducting material and thin films of a wide band gap semiconducting
material alternately superposed in a plurality of layers, a step of
forming supporting members one each on the lateral side parts of the
thin-film laminated structure, and a step of forming electrodes one each
in the bottom part and the top part of the thin-film laminated structure.
In this invention, the emitter layers measuring in the order of nanometers
can be formed as well controlled by using such a crystal lamination
technique as MBE in laminating the thin films and utilizing the end faces
of the superposed thin films as emitters without requiring the emitters to
be machined in a stated shape. As a result, an array of emitters which
incur no dimensional dispersion and excel in uniformity and repeatability
can be formed and highly efficient field emission characteristics can be
acquired.
In the emitters that measure in the order of nanometers, the electrons are
caused by the quantum effect to assume discrete values of energy.
Consequently, the electrons released from the emitters assume very narrow
and sharp discrete values of energy. By using an energy spectroscope
resorting to a magnetic field, therefore, an ultrahigh speed device can be
realized.
The electrons are included in the emitters by using a narrow band gap
semiconducting material for the thin films destined to form the emitters
and a wide band gap semiconducting material for the thin films serving to
nip the emitter layers. The emitters, by having the Fermi level thereof
elevated above the bottom of the conduction band, are endowed with
metallic characteristics and allowed to enjoy a generous decrease in the
actual work function and consequently acquire highly efficient field
emission characteristics proper for driving at low voltage.
By adopting the crystal lamination technique, a wide range of materials
including those of high levels of work function are made usable for the
emitters, with the result that the process for manufacture will gain in
versatility, the cost for mass production will decrease, and the
compatibility with the semiconductor planar technique will improve.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, FIG. 1C, FIG. 1D, and FIG. 1E are diagrams illustrating
the steps in the process for the production of electrodes for the field
emission cold cathode of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the structure of electrodes in the field
emission cold cathode of this invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the energy band manifested by the field
emission cold cathode of this invention while the cathode is in the state
of actual operation.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the schematic structure of a field
emission cold cathode engaging in a theoretical calculation.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an energy band manifested by the field emission
cold cathode of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an electron density distribution manifested by
the field emission cold cathode of FIG. 4.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the schematic structure of a field
emission cold cathode engaging in a theoretical calculation.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an energy band manifested by the field emission
cold cathode of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an electron density distribution manifested by
the field emission cold cathode of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the schematic structure of a field
emission cold cathode engaging in a theoretical calculation.
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an energy band manifested by the field
emission cold cathode of FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an electron density distribution manifested by
the field emission cold cathode of FIG. 10.
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an energy band manifested by a field emission
cold cathode made of other material.
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an electron density distribution manifested by
a field emission cold cathode made of other material.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the manner in which an addressable field
emission cold cathode is constructed.
FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating the manner in which a plane display is
constructed.
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating the construction of a scanning electron
microscope using the field emission cold cathode of this invention.
FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating the schematic structure of a conventional
field emission cold cathode.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Now, the embodiments of the field emission cold cathode of this invention
will be described below.
As the emitting material in this invention (the material for the first thin
film in this invention), a semiconducting material or a metallic material
can be used.
In the case of the semiconducting material, the array of emitters can be
formed by superposing layers of a compound belonging to Groups 3-5 or
Groups 2-6 or of a single crystal or a mixed crystal of a compound of
Group 4.
As concrete examples of the narrow band gap and wide band gap compositions,
such combinations as GaAs/AlGaAs, InP/GaInAs, InGaAs/InAlAs, GaAs/AlAs,
InAs/GaSb, GaP/GaAsP, ZnSe/ZnTe, ZnS/ZnSe, Si/SiGe, and Si/SiC may be
cited.
In the case of the metallic material, such metals as Mo, W, Hf, Pt, Au, Nb,
Cr, and Ta can be used. For the interface insulating films, such
insulating compounds as SiO.sub.2 and A1.sub.2 O.sub.3 can be used.
As the planar emitter array, a section formed in a laminate which is
produced by alternately superposing layers of a narrow band gap material,
several nanometers in thickness, and layers of a wide band gap material,
somewhere in the order of submicrons in thickness, can be used.
Where the semiconducting material is used, the Fermi level of the emitter
materials can be controlled and the work function thereof can be
simultaneously controlled by adjusting the sizes of the wide band gap
materials and doping these material with an impurity. As a result, the
operation at low voltage and the high efficiency of field emission can be
attained.
In the case of the semiconductor emitters, the lateral micromachining
technique can be adopted besides the lamination technique. Specifically,
by the lithographic technique using EB, FIB, or X-ray, the semiconductor
emitters can be machined in a fine patterning of the quantum size.
The thin-film emitters in the field emission cold cathode of this invention
show no sign of dimensional dispersion because the thin films, during the
course of formation, can be dimensionally controlled accurately to the
order of nanometers by the crystal lamination technique without requiring
any control of shape. As a result, this invention can provide a planar
field emission cold cathode that excels in structural uniformity and
repeatability and fulfills such requirements as the ability to operate at
low voltage and the highly efficient field emission characteristics.
Further, the use of a semiconducting material for the emitters enables
electrons to be included in the emitter layers and permits a generous
decrease in the actual work function. Since a wide range of semiconducting
materials including those of high work function are usable for the
emitters, this invention can provide a field emission cold cathode which
operates at low voltage and manifests highly efficient emission.
The emitter layers measure in the order of nanometers in thickness and the
electrons released thereby have quantized discrete values of energy,
namely energy dispersion is small so that signal to noise ratio is
drastically decreased. Therefore, the field emission cold cathode of this
invention can be applied to an ultrahigh speed device, and the like.
Embodiment 1
FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, FIG. 1C, FIG. 1D, and FIG. 1E illustrate the steps in the
process for the production of the field emission cold cathode of this
invention. This embodiment is depicted as using GaAs as a narrow band gap
material and AlGaAs as a wide band gap material for semiconductors. Now,
the steps of production will be described below with reference to the
diagrams.
First, an n type GaAs substrate 101 which had undergone a surface treatment
by the standard washing generally performed on a semiconductor wafer is
prepared as shown in FIG. 1A.
Then, a laminated structure is formed by alternately superposing a
plurality of AlGaAs layers 102 and as many GaAs layers 103 by such a film
forming technique as the MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) method as shown in
FIG. 1B. Appropriately, the GaAs layers 103 each have a thickness of about
10 nm and the AlGaAs layers 102 a thickness in the approximate range of
100.about.300 nm. For the AlGaAs layers 102 and the GaAs layers 103 alike,
the impurity doping level can be freely varied in the range of
2E15/cm.sup.3 .about.5E18/cm.sup.3 to suit the purpose.
Then, after covering semiconductors laminated side of the substrate with
photo-resist, patterning technique such as RIE (reactive ion etching) is
applied to get mesa-type pattern as shown in FIG. 1C. The patterns can be
any one of squares, lines, circles, and others.
Then, a metal layer (104) to be used as electrode is deposited using such a
method as CVD, sputtering, and vapor deposition on the etched surface
including the lateral parts of the laminated composite as shown in FIG.
1D.
Then, after covering the metal deposited surface with the photo-resist, the
RIE technique is applied onto the laminated composite to expose electron
emitting surface. Here, over-etching the deposited metal layer into the
laminated layers gives cleaner surface of the laminated layers of any
desired area (FIG. 1E).
Then, anode (106) is made on a separate substrate (105) and is faced to the
cold cathode prepared previously as shown in FIG. 2.
In the structure obtained consequently, the electrons are included in the
GaAs layers 103 of a narrow band gap, 10 nm in thickness, the GaAs layers
103 function as emitters, and the AlGaAs layers 102 of a thick wide band
gap function as potential barriers.
When an external electrode 106 is opposed to the lateral side of the
laminated structure mentioned above as illustrated in FIG. 2 which
represents the structure of the field emission cold cathode of this
invention and this external electrode 106 is operated to apply an electric
field to a sample, the GaAs layers 103 including the electrons are caused
to concentrate the electric field onto them and consequently release the
electrons under the electric field.
FIG. 3 depicts an artist's concept of the energy band involved in the
structure mentioned above. In this diagram, E0 stands for the vacuum
sublevel and EF for the Fermi level.
From FIG. 3, it is noted that the electrons are included in the GaAs layers
103, 10 nm in thickness, the Fermi level EF is elevated far above the
bottom of the conduction band of the GaAs layers 103, the actual work
function W of the GaAs layers 103 is generously lowered, the
characteristics thereof are varied like a metallic substance, and the cold
cathode is enabled to operate as an electrode fit for driving at low
voltage. Further, owing to the quantum inclusion effect, the energy level
of the electrons in the GaAs layers 103 assumes a quantized discrete
values and the electrons emitting under the electric field are allowed to
assume a uniform energy.
Now, the band structure and energy level determined by a theoretical
calculation and the results of simulation of the electron distribution are
shown in FIG. 4 .about.FIG. 14. The thickness of the AlGaAs layers as the
potential barrier layers, the doses of impurity Si respectively in AlGaAs
and GaAs, and the number N of the emitter layers are varied as parameters.
In the case of a single-layer emitter (N=1) shown in FIG. 4, the AlGaAs
layers 102 have a thickness of 100 nm, the GaAs layer 103 has a thickness
of 10 nm, and the high purity GaAs layer 103 has been doped with an
impurity level of 2E15/cm.sup.3 as modulated to AlGaAs.
The highly doped GaAs layers 105 are formed one each on the opposite main
surfaces of the laminated structure and allowed to establish an ohmic
contact with the metal (A1) layers. The results of the band calculation
are shown in FIG. 5.
The expression "modulated doping" as used herein means a phenomenon in
which the electrons are included in the GaAs layer 103 of a narrow band
gap by doping the AlGaAs layers 102 of a wide band gap with the impurity
substance. The Fermi level of the GaAs layer 103, therefore, can be
controlled by the magnitude of the dose of the impurity substance used in
the AlGaAs layers 102.
In FIG. 5, the dotted line represents a band pattern obtained when the dose
of an impurity substance in the AlGaAs layers 102 is 5E15/cm.sup.3 and a
solid line a band pattern obtained when the dose of an impurity substance
in the AlGaAs layers 102 is 5E16/cm.sup.3. It is clearly noted from this
diagram that the Fermi level EF has a higher energy level from the bottom
EC of the conduction band in the case of the higher dose of 5E16/cm.sup.3.
The results support an inference that the electrons are included in the
GaAs layer 103.
The results of actual calculation of the electron density distribution are
shown in FIG. 6. It is noted from this diagram that the electrons are
present only in the GaAs layer 103 as described above and that the
electron density of the GaAs layer 103 increases in proportion as the dose
of an impurity substance in the AlGaAs layers 102 increases.
Now, the work function of the GaAs layer 103 is calculated. Since the GaAs
layer 103 has a high purity, the inherent Fermi level EF thereof falls
substantially at the center of the band and the work function thereof
equals the energy height from the Fermi level EF to the vacuum level E0.
Roughly, this work function is the sum of the electron affinity x and the
difference (EC - EF).
In the case of GaAs, since x=4.07 eV and (EC - EF)=EG/2=0.715 eV, the work
function W is found to be about 4.78 eV. In the formula, EG stands for a
band gap energy of GaAs.
It is noted that in the case of the GaAs layer which has undergone
modulated doping, EF surpasses EC and W approximates to 4.02 eV, a value
0.76 eV less than the original value.
From the results of the calculation given above, it is justly concluded
that the electrons can be included in the GaAs material of a narrow band
gap and, at the same time, the apparent work function W of GaAs can be
decreased by controlling the composition. When an external electric field
is applied, therefore, the electric field is concentrated in the GaAs
layer 103 destined as an emitter and the driving at low voltage is
realized in consequence of the decrease in the work function.
The planar field emission array of emitters can be formed as described
above.
Now, the results of simulation of the structure using three GaAs emitter
layers 103 (N=3) as shown in FIG. 7 will be described below.
The AlGaAs layers 102 and the GaAs layers 103 have the same thicknesses,
100 nm and 10 nm, as in the structure of FIG. 4 described above and the
doping levels thereof are respectively 5E16/cm.sup.3, a value of high
doping, and 2E15/cm.sup.3, a value of high purity.
The results of calculation of a band pattern is shown in FIG. 8 and the
results of calculation of an electron density distribution in FIG. 9. It
is noted from FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 that, in the structure of the three
layers, the electrons are present only in the GaAs layers 102 and the work
function is apparently decreased consequently as in the structure of one
layer. This fact implies that a planar emitter array can be formed with a
multilayer structure.
In the structure shown in FIG. 10, the AlGaAs layers 102 have a thickness
of 300 nm and the GaAs layer 103 has a thickness of 10 nm. The energy band
pattern which is obtained when the AlGaAs layers 102 are doped with an
impurity at a dose of 2E15/cm.sup.3, a value of high purity, and the GaAs
layer 103 is doped with the impurity at a dose of 5E18/cm.sup.3, a value
of high doping is shown in FIG. 11. The electron density distribution is
shown in FIG. 12.
It is clearly noted from these diagrams that when the AlGaAs layers 102
have a high purity and a thickness of 300 nm and the GaAs layer 103 has a
high doping, the electrons can be caused to exist only in the GaAs layer
103 as in the case described above.
According to this invention, the electrons can be included in the emitter
materials and the planar emitter array showing no sign of dimensional
dispersion and excelling in structural uniformity and repeatability can be
formed and enabled to acquire highly efficient field emission
characteristics fit for driving at low voltage by controlling the emitter
composition accurately to a degree in the order of nanometers by the
lamination technique without requiring the emitters to be machined in a
stated shape as described.
Embodiment 2
Now, an embodiment using materials different from GaAs and AlGaAs mentioned
above will be described below.
First, as respects the results of simulation using InAlAs of high doping of
1E17/cm.sup.3 in a thickness of 100 nm for a wide band gap and InGaAs of
high purity of 2E15/cm.sup.3 in a thickness of 10 nm for a narrow band
gap, the energy band pattern is shown in FIG. 13 and the distribution of
electron density in FIG. 14.
As shown in the diagram, the combination of InGaAs/InAlAs has a high
barrier (0.5 eV). By causing the Fermi level EF to surpass EC by a margin
of 0.1 eV and consequently decreasing the work function by means of
modulated doping, therefore, the structure to be ultimately produced
enables the electrons to be included only in the InGaAs layer.
By alternately superposing semiconducting materials different in band gap
and adjusting them in thickness and doping level as described above, a
planar field emission array combining a multiplicity of materials can be
formed.
A semiconductor AlAs, 10 nm in thickness, can be used as an emitting
material and an insulator SiO.sub.2, 300 nm in thickness, can be used as a
potential barrier. In this case, the produced structure can effect field
emission at low driving voltage because the AlAs has a small electron
affinity (2.6 eV). A field emission cold cathode array having a low
driving voltage can be formed by using emitter layers formed of a
semiconducting or metallic material of low affinity and potential barrier
layers formed of an insulating material as described above.
Now, a typical application of the field emission cold cathode described
above will be cited below.
Embodiment 4
FIG. 15 depicts one manner of forming an addressable field emission cold
cathode. The example shown in this diagram has anode lines B0, B1, and B2
such as of A1 disposed opposite emitter lines A0, A1, and A2 of a field
emission cold cathode array 120 which is formed as described above. In
this diagram, 121 stands for an insulating substrate such as of SiO.sub.2
and 122 for an insulating layer such as of SiO.sub.2.
The planar field emission cold cathode array, by being formed in this
structure, is rendered addressable and also adaptable for such devices as
planar displays and ultrahigh speed devices.
FIG. 16 depicts one manner of adapting the planar field emission cold
cathode array for forming a planar display. In the example shown in the
diagram, emitter lines C0, C1, and C2 are formed in a field emission cold
cathode array 130 and gate lines D0 and D0 are opposed to each other
across the emitter line C0, gate lines D1 and D1 opposed to each other
across the emitter line C1, and gate lines D2 and D2 opposed to each other
across the emitter line C2 respectively. In the diagram, 131 stands for an
insulating substrate such as of SiO.sub.2.
A glass substrate 132 is disposed opposite the field emission cold cathode
array 130. On the side of the glass substrate 132 that is opposed to the
field emission cold cathode array 130, transparent electrodes E0, E1, and
E2 such as of an ITO electrode are formed and phosphor layers F0, F1, and
F2 are formed respectively on the transparent electrodes E0, E1, and E2. A
planar display of high performance can be formed as described above.
Embodiment 4
FIG. 17 depicts one manner of forming a scanning electron microscope using
the field emission cold cathode of this invention.
In the example shown in this diagram, a wedged field emission cold cathode
201 is disposed on an electroconductive holder 202. The electron beam that
is formed of electrons extracted by a first electrode 203 and accelerated
by a second electrode 204 are converged by a first lens 205 and a second
lens 206 and then caused by a polarizing electrode 207 to impinge on any
position arbitrarily selected of a sample 208.
The secondary electrons which are generated by the electron beam impinging
on the sample are detected by a sensor 209. An enlarged image of the
sample can be obtained by scanning the surface of the sample with the
electron beam by means of a scanning power source 210 and introducing the
relevant signal of detection through the medium of am amplifier 211 into
the intensity modulator of a braun tube 212 which is synchronized to the
signal.
The field emission cold cathode of this invention is enabled to converge
and polarize the electron beam accurately and produce a magnified image
with high accuracy because it quantizes the energy of electrons and emits
electrons of uniform energy.
According to the field emission cold cathode of the present invention and
the method for the production thereof, the range of materials to be
selected as usable therefor can be widened and, at the same time, the
efficiency of field emission can be exalted and uniformized and the
uniformity of energy can be improved as described in detail above. Since
the method of production provided by this invention abounds in
adaptability for mass production, it can be applied extensively to the
manufacture of flat displays and other electron sources.
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