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United States Patent |
5,683,827
|
Yu
|
November 4, 1997
|
Protective device for protecting individual battery cells in a
batterypack from damages and hazards caused by reverse polarity during
discharge cycles
Abstract
A rechargeable battery pack which includes several battery cells. Each cell
has a positive electrode and a negative electrode connected in series.
Each of the battery cells further includes a reverse polarity protection
device. The protection device includes a low voltage switch connected
between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery
cell. The low voltage switch is switched on to become a short circuit when
a voltage difference between the positive electrode and the negative
electrode for each of the battery cells is lower than a threshold
switch-on voltage such that the each of the battery cells is bypassed and
protected by conducting a current through the short circuit in the low
voltage switch.
Inventors:
|
Yu; Ho-Yuan (Saratoga, CA)
|
Assignee:
|
Mobius Green Energy, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA)
|
Appl. No.:
|
561050 |
Filed:
|
November 20, 1995 |
Current U.S. Class: |
429/1; 429/7; 429/90 |
Intern'l Class: |
H01M 002/34 |
Field of Search: |
429/1,7,90,61,49
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4879188 | Nov., 1989 | Meinhold et al.
| |
5389470 | Feb., 1995 | Parker et al. | 429/90.
|
5460901 | Oct., 1995 | Syrjala | 429/90.
|
5462814 | Oct., 1995 | Fernandez et al. | 429/7.
|
5496654 | Mar., 1996 | Perkins | 429/1.
|
Foreign Patent Documents |
406205538 | Jul., 1994 | JP.
| |
0815797 | Mar., 1981 | CH.
| |
Primary Examiner: Nuzzolillo; M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lin; Bo-In
Claims
I claim:
1. A rechargeable battery pack includes a plurality of battery cells each
having a first terminal in electrical connection with a positive electrode
and a second terminal in electrical connection with a negative electrode
wherein said battery cells connected in series and each of said battery
cells further comprising:
a polarity reverse protection means connected between said first terminal
in electrical connection with said positive electrode and said second
terminal in electrical connection with said negative electrode of said
battery cell for preventing a polarity reverse of said positive and
negative electrodes wherein said low voltage switching means is
automatically switched on during a discharging cycle to become a short
circuit when a voltage difference between said positive electrode and said
negative electrode for each of said battery cells is lower than a
threshold switch-on voltage whereby each of said battery cells is bypassed
and protected by conducting a single-direction discharging current through
said short circuit via said low voltage switching means; and
said polarity reverse protection means further includes a low voltage
indicating means for automatically providing an indication powered by said
single-direction discharging current passing there-through when a voltage
difference between said first terminal and second terminal is below said
threshold switch-on voltage.
2. The rechargeable battery pack of claim 1 wherein:
said polarity reverse protection means further includes an audio low
voltage indicating means for providing an audio alarm powered by said
single direction discharging current passing there-through when a voltage
difference between said first terminal and said second terminal is below
said threshold switch-on voltage.
3. A rechargeable battery pack includes a plurality of battery cells each
having a first terminal in electrical connection with a positive electrode
and a second terminal in electrical connection with a negative electrode
wherein said battery cells connected in and said battery pack further
comprising:
a low voltage switch-off means connected between an input terminal and an
output terminal of said battery pack for automatically switching off said
battery pack when said battery pack generating an output voltage lower
than a threshold voltage during a discharge cycle for preventing a
polarity reverse between said first terminal and said second terminal in
each of said battery cells.
4. The rechargeable battery pack of claim 3 wherein:
said low voltage switch off means includes a transistor low voltage
switching means for automatically switching off said battery pack when
said battery pack generating an output voltage lower than a threshold
voltage during said discharge cycle.
5. The rechargeable battery pack of claim 3 wherein: said low voltage
switch off means includes a silicon controlled rectifier low voltage
switching means for automatically switching off said battery pack when
said battery pack generating an output voltage lower than a threshold
voltage during said discharge cycle.
6. A rechargeable battery pack includes a plurality of battery cells each
having a first terminal in electrical connection with a positive electrode
and a second terminal in electrical connection with a negative electrode
wherein said battery cells connected in series and each of said battery
pack further comprising:
a low voltage alarm means connected between an input terminal and an output
terminal of said battery pack, said low voltage alarming means further
includes a low-voltage switch-on means connected in series therein for
automatically switching on said low voltage alarm means when said battery
pack generating an output voltage lower than a threshold voltage during a
discharge cycle for providing alarm signals whereby said low voltage alarm
means is turned on only when said output voltage of said battery pack is
lower than said threshold voltage during a discharge cycle.
7. The rechargeable battery pack of claim 6 wherein:
said low voltage alarm means includes a light emitting diode for providing
a visual alarm signal powered by an alarm current switched on by said
low-voltage switch-on means when said battery pack generating an output
voltage lower than said threshold voltage during said discharge cycle.
8. The rechargeable battery pack of claim 7 wherein:
said low voltage alarm means includes a audio alarm means for providing an
audio alarm signal powered by an alarm current switched on by said
low-voltage switch-on means when said battery pack generating an output
voltage lower than said threshold voltage during said discharge cycle.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the design and manufacture of
batteries. More particularly, this invention relates to an improved design
and battery pack configurations for providing protection to a battery and
battery pack from being damaged and the potential hazards due to reverse
polarity during discharge cycles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As the rechargeable batteries are becoming more popular and being used
increasingly in daily consumer products, potential hazards arise from
using these batteries become a major design consideration. Specifically,
the most serious concern for these rechargeable batteries come from the
facts that the rechargeable batteries are tightly sealed. Meanwhile,
during the charging and discharging cycles, electrochemical reactions are
carried out inside the battery cells which are of very limited volumes.
The internal pressure in these tightly sealed cells can therefore changes
rapidly under certain conditions. Sudden pressure increase in the battery
cells can cause explosions. The explosion of a battery can cause severe
hazards due to its close distance from the users as many of these consumer
products are hand-held electronic devices. Additionally, the chemical
solution in the cell can cause bodily harms and physical damages to person
and properties when explosion occurs.
In order to avoid these hazards, different mechanism and design features
are provided to prevent the over pressure of the battery cells. These
protective mechanisms and protective features are generally designed for
individual battery cells. However, due to the fact that these battery
cells are often packaged together and being used as a pack, additional
problems may occur in the battery pack that one of these battery cells can
encounter a situation causing a reverse polarity to occur in a battery
cell.
Please refer to FIG. 1A for a battery pack 10 which includes five battery
cells, i.e., cells 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. Assuming that the capacities of
the battery cells are 1200 mAH, 800 mAH, 1150 mAH, 1200 mAH, and 1250 mAH
respectively where mAH represents milli-ampere-hour. The battery cell 30
is a degraded cell. Assuming each of these battery cells discharges 800
mAH, then the battery cells 20 to 60 each still has capacity of 400 mAH, 0
mAH, 350 mAH, 400 mAH, and 450 mAH respectively. Suppose that each of
these battery cells has an output voltage of 1.2 volts, the battery pack
would still have a total of 4.8 volts since the battery cell 30 has a zero
volts output voltage (FIG. 1B). Since the battery pack 10 still has an
output voltage of 4.8 volts, it is functional and can still discharge.
However, upon further discharge, a polarity reverse is generated in the
battery cell 30 due to the direction of current in the battery pack 10
(see FIG. 1C).
A polarity reverse when happens to a battery cell can be very dangerous.
When the battery cell 30 is in a polarity reverse condition, a large
amount of oxygen gas is released due to the occurrence of reverse chemical
reactions which leads to generation of oxygen gas in the cell 30. The
internal pressure of the cell 30 is thus increased rapidly which leads to
an explosion. Under a more fortunate situation when the discharge stops
right before the explosion occurs, the battery cell 30 is nevertheless
damaged due to the reverse polarity imposed on the electrodes. And, since
the capacity of the cell 30 will be degraded further, the situation of
reverse polarity will become even worse.
Since most of the protection devices and design features in protecting a
battery cell are employed to protect a battery cell from over-pressure,
over-charge and over-heat, a protection device for protecting a battery
cell from polarity reverse is not yet available. Considering the most
common uses of battery cells are in a battery pack configuration, such as
the battery pack used in a cellar phone, a notebook computer, an
electronic game player or electric vehicles, a protective device to
protect a battery cell from polarity reverse is certainly required.
Therefore, a need still exists in the art of battery design and manufacture
to provide a protective device to prevent this potential hazardous
operational condition. The protective device must provide individual
protection for each battery cell in a pack to prevent the occurrence of
polarity reverse. Such protective device would preferably simple in design
and convenient for manufacture while compatible with operation conditions
and environment of a battery pack.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new
protection mechanism and method for preventing individual rechargeable
battery cells from polarity reverse thus enabling those of ordinary skill
in the art to overcome the aforementioned difficulties and limitations
encountered in the prior art.
Specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new
protection mechanism and battery pack configuration to prevent individual
rechargeable battery cells from polarity reverse by providing a low
voltage switching device which is switched on as a short circuit when the
voltage difference between the positive terminal and the negative terminal
of a battery cell is below a low threshold voltage thus bypassing and
protecting the battery cell.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new protection
mechanism and battery pack configuration to prevent individual
rechargeable battery cells from polarity reverse by providing a low
voltage switching device to each battery cell whereby potential hazards
arising from polarity reverse in an individual cell can be eliminated.
Briefly, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention includes a
polarity reverse protection device for preventing a rechargeable battery
cell in a battery pack from polarity reverse during a discharging cycle.
The polarity reverse protection device comprising a low voltage switching
means connected between a positive terminal and a negative terminal of the
rechargeable battery cell. The low voltage switching means is switched on
to become a short circuit when a voltage difference between the positive
terminal and the negative terminal is lower than a threshold switch-on
voltage whereby the rechargeable battery cell is bypassed and protected by
conducting a current through the short circuit in the low voltage
switching means.
In another preferred embodiment, it discloses a rechargeable battery pack
which includes a plurality of battery cells each having a positive
terminal and a negative terminal connected in series. Each of the battery
cells in the battery pack further includes a reverse polarity protection
device includes a low voltage switching means connected between the
positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery cell. The low
voltage switching means is switched on to become a short circuit when a
voltage difference between the positive terminal and the negative terminal
for each of the battery cells is lower than a threshold switch-on voltage
whereby the each of battery cells is bypassed and protected by conducting
a current through the short circuit in the low voltage switching means.
It is an advantage of the present invention that it provides a new
protection mechanism and battery pack configuration to prevent individual
rechargeable battery cells from polarity reverse by providing a low
voltage switching device which is switched on as a short circuit when the
voltage difference between the positive terminal and the negative terminal
of a battery cell is below a low threshold voltage thus bypassing and
protecting the battery cell.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a new
protection mechanism and battery pack configuration to prevent individual
rechargeable battery cells from polarity reverse by providing a low
voltage switching device to each battery cell whereby potential hazards
arising from polarity reverse in an individual cell can be eliminated.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will no
doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after having
read the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment which
is illustrated in the various drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A to 1C are a functional circuit diagrams for illustrating the
conditions that one of the battery cells included in a prior art battery
pack can be subject to a reverse polarity condition;
FIG. 2 is a functional circuit diagram showing a new protection device
implemented in a battery pack to prevent polarity reverse for each of the
battery cells according to the configuration of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a functional circuit diagram showing the circuit implementation
for providing a low voltage switching device by the use of a MOSFET
transistor as a protection device according to a preferred embodiment of
the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a functional circuit diagram showing the low voltage switching
circuit provided with an indicating means such as an light emitting diode
to indicate a battery is below a threshold low voltage; and
FIG. 5 is a functional circuit diagram showing a battery pack low voltage
switching or alarming circuit to switch off the battery pack or
FIG. 5 is a functional circuit diagram showing a battery pack low voltage
switching or alarming circuit to switch off the battery pack or provide
alarm signals when the battery output voltage is below a threshold low
voltage.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a battery pack 100 includes a set of
rechargeable battery cells 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 wherein each
battery cell is provided with protective device 160 of the present
invention. In the preferred embodiment, the protective device 160 is
connected to the positive terminal and the negative terminal of each
battery cells 110 to 150. The protective device 160 is a low voltage
switching means which is switched on to become a short circuit when the
voltage drop from the positive terminal to the negative terminal is below
a low threshold switch-on voltage. When the protective device 160 is
turned on as switched by a low voltage drop from the positive to the
negative electrode, the low voltage switching means becomes a short
circuit A discharge current is thus arranged to conduct through the
protective device. The battery cell which is in a condition where the
voltage drop from the positive terminal to the negative terminal is lower
than a threshold voltage is therefore bypassed as the discharge current is
now passing through the low voltage switching means instead of the battery
cell, e.g. cell 120. A discharge process where one of the battery cells is
subject to a polarity reverse condition as that occurred in the prior art
battery pack 10 (FIG. 1C) is therefore eliminated.
FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment where the low voltage switching means
160 is a MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) where
a source (S) to drain (D) is turned on when the voltage, i.e., the voltage
drop from the positive terminal to the negative terminal, as imposed on
the gate (G) is below a threshold voltage. In an alternate preferred
embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, a light emitting diode (LED) can be
employed for connection between the source and the drain. The LED is then
used as an indicating means to indicate that one of the battery cells is
in a low voltage condition. In addition to the visual indicating means,
e.g., LEDs, a low voltage indicating means may be audio warning means. A
warning sound is generated by this audio alarm when a low voltage is
detected to provide warning to a user that a degraded battery cell is
discharged to a very low capacity and could lead to a hazard condition of
reverse polarity or battery damage.
The difficulties faced by the prior art rechargeable battery pack are thus
resolved by the protective device 160 of the present invention. Soon as a
battery cell is below a threshold voltage, the MOSFET transistor is turned
on to provide a bypass conducting route to prevent a battery cell from
being subjected to a polarity reverse condition. Potential hazards which
might be caused by reverse polarity in a battery cell, e.g., pressure
increase and explosion, can therefore be prevented. Damages to the battery
cells as the results of operating a battery cell under the reverse
polarity condition is also eliminated by the use of the protective device
160.
Therefore, the present invention discloses a rechargeable battery pack 100
includes a plurality of battery cells, i.e., cells 110 to 150, each having
a positive terminal and a negative terminal connected in series. Each of
said battery cells further include a reverse polarity protection device
160 includes a low voltage switching means connected between the positive
terminal and the negative terminal of the battery cell. The low voltage
switching means 160 is switched on to become a short circuit when a
voltage difference between the positive terminal and the negative terminal
for each of the battery cells is lower than a threshold switch-on voltage
whereby the each of battery cells is bypassed and protected by conducting
a current through the short circuit in the low voltage switching means. In
an alternate preferred embodiment, the low voltage switching means is a
MOSFET transistor wherein a source to a drain of the MOSFET transistor is
turned on when the voltage difference between the positive terminal and
the negative terminal is lower than a threshold voltage.
Furthermore, the present invention teaches a method of protecting a
rechargeable battery pack 100 which includes a plurality of battery cells,
e.g., cells 110 to 150, each having a positive terminal and a negative
terminal connected in series. The method comprising the steps of: (a)
installing on each of the battery cells a reverse polarity protection
device 160 includes a low voltage switching means connected between the
positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery cell; and (b)
providing to the low voltage switching means 160 a low voltage switch-on
circuit which is switched on to become a short circuit when a voltage
difference between the positive terminal and the negative terminal for
each of the battery cells is lower than a threshold switch-on voltage
whereby each of the battery cells is bypassed and protected by conducting
a current through the short circuit in the low voltage switching means
160.
FIG. 5 shows another battery pack 200 of the present invention provided
with a voltage sensor 205 and a battery pack switch-off or alarm device
210. The battery pack 200 includes five battery cells, i.e., battery cell
220-1, 220-2, 220-3, 220-4 and 220-5. Each of these battery cell, under
normal operation conditions, generate 1.2 volts, and the battery pack 200
should have a total output voltage of 6.0 volts. However, when one of
these cells is gradually degraded and eventually discharged with its
capacity totally exhausted, i.e., having a zero volt output, then the
battery pack 200 is subjected to the danger of a of reverse polarity. The
battery pack switch-off or alarm device 210 has a low voltage threshold
voltage set at 4.8 volts. The battery pack switch-off or alarm device 210
can either switch off the battery pack 200 or generate an alarm signals
when a low voltage of 4.8 volts is detected by the voltage sensor 205. The
battery switch-off or alarm device 210 thus provide a protective function
to prevent the battery pack 200 from being damaged by the reverse polarity
and the disastrous consequences caused by battery cell explosions which
are often caused by a reverse polarity operation condition. This kind of
battery pack configuration with the protective device 210 can also be
employed in the high power battery packs. These high power battery packs
may be used for electrical vehicles, motorcycles, and electrical bicycles.
The battery pack switch-off or alarm system 210 may include a transistor
switch or a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). The alarm signals may be
an audio alarm signal or a visual alarm signal generated by a
light-emitting-diode (LED).
This invention thus teaches a rechargeable battery pack 200 includes a
plurality of battery cells 220-1 to 220-5, each having a positive terminal
and a negative terminal connected in series. The battery pack 200 further
includes a low voltage switch-off means 210 connected between an input
terminal and an output terminal of the battery pack 200 for switching off
the battery pack when the battery pack generating an output voltage lower
than a threshold voltage during discharge for preventing a polarity
reverse of the positive terminal and the negative terminal. In a preferred
embodiment, the low voltage switch-off means 210 includes a low voltage
alarm means connected between an input terminal and an output terminal of
the battery pack for providing alarm signals when the battery pack
generating an output voltage lower than a threshold voltage during
discharge. In another preferred embodiment, the low voltage alarm means
includes a light emitting diode for providing a visual alarm signal when
the battery pack generating an output voltage lower than a threshold
voltage during discharge. In yet another preferred embodiment, the low
voltage alarm means 210 includes an audio alarm means for providing a
audio alarm signal when the battery pack generating an output voltage
lower than a threshold voltage during discharge.
Therefore, the present invention provides a new protection mechanism and
method for preventing individual rechargeable battery cells from polarity
reverse thus enabling those of ordinary skill in the art to overcome the
difficulties and limitations encountered in the prior art Specifically,
the new protection mechanism includes a low voltage switching device which
is switched on as a short circuit when the voltage difference between the
positive terminal and the negative terminal of a battery cell is below a
low threshold voltage thus bypassing and protecting the battery cell. With
this new protection mechanism and battery pack configuration, each battery
cell is individually protected and reverse polarity is prevented such that
potential hazards arising from polarity reverse in an individual cell can
be eliminated.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently
preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that such disclosure is not
to be interpreted as limiting. Various alternations and modifications will
no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after reading the
above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be
interpreted as covering all alternations and modifications as fall within
the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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