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United States Patent |
5,620,653
|
Jain
,   et al.
|
April 15, 1997
|
Odor control system
Abstract
An odor control system and method for removing unwanted odorous airborne
constituents in which the gas stream is flowed through a compact, boxlike
housing having a plurality of sequentially communicating treatment
chambers. Gas stream pretreatment is accomplished in a first chamber, in
fluid communication with a sump, as the gas flows through a packed bed
wetted by suitable chemical reagents. After pretreatment, the gas stream
is passed through downstream chambers, also utilizing wetted packed beds.
These chambers are in fluid communication with a second, separate sump.
Because of the first chamber/separate sump combination, influent gas
treatment, by stages, can be accomplished. In this manner, different,
contemporaneous chemical treatments are possible, within the single
housing, with different chemical reagents utilized as needed. Such
treatments are possible even in cases where otherwise incompatible
chemical reagents are used. Reagents used in the first chamber are, in
substantial part, recycled from the blowdown of the first chamber sump
which can be augmented, if desired, by unreacted chemicals in the blowdown
of the downstream sump. After treatment in the last downstream chamber,
the cleaned gas flows through a demister, for moisture removal, before it
is exhausted to atmosphere.
Inventors:
|
Jain; Roop C. (San Diego, CA);
Scanlan; Martin (La Jolla, CA)
|
Assignee:
|
RJ Environmental, Inc. (San Diego, CA)
|
Appl. No.:
|
427128 |
Filed:
|
April 24, 1995 |
Intern'l Class: |
C23F 011/04; A62B 007/08; B01D 050/00 |
Field of Search: |
422/12,13,120,122,123,171,172
95/187,211,235
55/233,249
261/DIG. 72,94
423/243
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
2878107 | Mar., 1959 | Ruth | 423/210.
|
3596439 | Aug., 1971 | Moragne | 55/233.
|
3739551 | Jun., 1973 | Eckert | 95/211.
|
3785127 | Jan., 1974 | Mare | 55/233.
|
3818683 | Jun., 1974 | Hirsch | 55/249.
|
3969479 | Jul., 1976 | Lonnes et al. | 423/210.
|
3969482 | Jul., 1976 | Teller | 423/235.
|
3989464 | Nov., 1976 | Dalhstrom | 422/170.
|
4022593 | May., 1977 | Lerner | 95/211.
|
4225566 | Sep., 1980 | de Vries | 423/210.
|
4269812 | May., 1981 | Edwards et al. | 423/242.
|
4307067 | Dec., 1981 | Tagawa et al. | 423/224.
|
4419331 | Dec., 1983 | Montalvo | 422/170.
|
4421534 | Dec., 1983 | Walker | 55/233.
|
4437867 | Mar., 1984 | Lerner | 55/233.
|
4609386 | Sep., 1986 | Sibley et al. | 55/223.
|
5160707 | Nov., 1992 | Murray et al. | 422/170.
|
5330725 | Jul., 1994 | Mumalo | 422/170.
|
Other References
Powell et al USP 5,393,314 "Horizontal Pass . . . Packed Bed Gas Scrubber";
Filed May 31, 1994.
|
Primary Examiner: Bhat; Nina
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Waters; William Patrick
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a continuation-in-part patent application of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/232,203, filed Apr. 28, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No.
5,518,696 accepted under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Section 371 on the
basis of PCT/US92/09248, filed Oct. 27, 1992, as a continuation patent
application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/783,178, filed Oct. 28,
1991, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of cleaning a gas stream by removing therefrom unwanted odorous
substances, comprising the steps of:
providing a housing having a first treatment chamber for confining the gas
stream for pretreatment, said chamber including a packed bed and a sump;
providing a second treatment chamber, within said housing in fluid
communication with said first treatment chamber, for confining the gas
stream for further treatment, said second treatment chamber also including
a packed bed and a sump;
wetting the packed bed in the first chamber with a surplusage of an aqueous
solution, said solution containing a chemical reagent reactive to the gas
stream odorous substances for chemical reaction therewith for formation of
reaction products;
wetting the packed bed in the second chamber with a surplusage of an
aqueous solution, said solution containing a chemical reagent reactive to
the gas stream odorous substances for chemical reaction therewith for
formation of reaction products;
passing sequentially the gas stream through the first and second chambers
including passing the gas stream through the respective packed beds
wherein the odorous substances contact and react with a portion of the
respective aqueous solutions with formation of reaction products;
collecting in the first and second sumps, respectively, the reaction
products formed in the respective packed beds and the portion of the
aqueous solution unreacted with odorous substances;
delivering the collected portion of the unreacted aqueous solution to the
first chamber packed bed for reaction therein with gas stream odorous
substances to clean the gas stream passing therethrough; and
discharging a cleaned gas stream from said housing.
2. A system for removing unwanted constituents from a gas stream,
comprising:
a housing, said housing having, at an upstream end thereof, an inlet for
receiving a gas stream carrying unwanted constituents, and having, at a
downstream end thereof, an outlet for the exhaustion to atmosphere of a
gas stream which has been cleaned while passing through said housing, said
housing further having a wall disposed inside thereof between said
upstream end and said downstream end, said wail forming first and second
chambers, between said upstream end and said downstream end respectively,
which are in series fluid communication for confining a gas stream for
pretreatment in said first chamber and subsequent treatment in said second
chamber and for passing the gas stream from the inlet of said upstream end
toward said downstream end and out the outlet thereof, said housing
further having first and second sumps forming a bottom of said housing and
being in fluid communication with said first and second chambers,
respectively, each of said first and second sumps containing an aqueous
reagent solution for the treatment of the gas stream flowing through said
system;
means for delivering, from said first and second sumps, respectively, an
aqueous reagent solution, to said first and second chambers, to thereby
treat the gas stream flowing therethrough, wherein one portion of said
aqueous reagent solution reacts chemically with unwanted constituents in
the gas stream to produce reaction products removing unwanted constituents
from the gas stream and another portion of said aqueous reagent solution
remains unreacted, and wherein the reaction products and the unreacted
aqueous reagent solution are collected in said first and second sumps by
being returned thereto from said first and second chambers, respectively;
and
means fluid coupling said first and second sumps for delivering unreacted
aqueous reagent solution from one of said first and second sumps to the
other one of said first and second sumps for combining with the unreacted
aqueous reagent solution in the other one of said first and second sumps,
whereby the combined unreacted aqueous reagent solution is recycled by
said means for delivering to said first chamber, to thus remove unwanted
constituents from the gas stream flowing through said system.
3. The system according to claim 2, including demister means disposed in
the outlet of said downstream end of said housing, for removing moisture
from said gas stream.
4. The system according to claim 2, wherein said means for delivering an
aqueous reagent solution includes atomizing nozzle means.
5. The system according to claim 2, wherein said means for delivering an
aqueous reagent solution includes first nozzle means for spraying solution
into the gas stream flowing through said first chamber and second nozzle
means for spraying solution into the gas stream flowing through said
second chamber.
6. The system according to claim 2, wherein said aqueous reagent solution
includes sodium hydroxide.
7. The system according to claim 2, wherein said aqueous reagent solution
includes sodium hypoclorite.
8. The system according to claim 2, wherein said aqueous reagent solution
is a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide,
sodium hypoclorite, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
9. The system according to claim 2, including fan means for flowing said
gas stream, under pressure, through said housing.
10. A system for removing unwanted constituents from a gas stream,
comprising:
a housing, said housing having, at an upstream end thereof, an inlet for
receiving a gas stream carrying unwanted constituents, and having, at a
downstream end thereof, an outlet for the exhaustion to atmosphere of a
gas stream which has been cleaned while passing through said housing, said
housing having first and second walls disposed, juxtapositionally, inside
thereof between said upstream end and said downstream end, said first and
second walls forming three chambers, a first one of said chambers being
formed by said first wall and said upstream end, a second one of said
chambers being formed between said first and second walls, and a third one
of said chambers being formed by said second wall and said downstream end,
said first, second and third chambers being in series fluid communication
for confining a gas stream for treatment in each of said first, second and
third chambers as the gas stream sequentially flows therethrough and for
passing the gas stream from the inlet of said upstream end toward said
downstream end and out the outlet thereof, said housing further having
first and second sumps forming a bottom of said housing, said first sump
being in fluid communication with said first chamber and said second sump
being in fluid communication with said second and third chambers, each of
said first and second sumps containing an aqueous reagent solution for the
treatment of the gas stream flowing through said system;
means for delivering an aqueous reagent solution, to said first chamber, to
thereby treat the gas stream flowing through said housing, wherein one
portion of said aqueous reagent solution reacts chemically with unwanted
constituents in the gas stream to produce reaction products removing
unwanted constituents from the gas stream and another portion of said
aqueous reagent solution remains unreacted, and wherein the reaction
products and the unreacted aqueous reagent solution are collected in said
first and second sumps by being returned thereto from said first, second
and third chambers;
means fluid coupling said first and second sumps for delivering unreacted
aqueous reagent solution from one of said first and second sumps to
another one of said first and second sumps for combining therein with the
unreacted aqueous reagent solution whereby the combined unreacted aqueous
reagent solution is recycled, by said means for delivering, to said first
chamber to remove unwanted constituents from the gas stream flowing
through said system.
11. The system according to claim 10, including demister means disposed in
the outlet of said downstream end of said housing, for removing moisture
from said gas stream.
12. The system according to claim 10, wherein said means for delivering an
aqueous reagent solution includes atomizing nozzle means.
13. The system according to claim 10, wherein said means for delivering an
aqueous reagent solution includes first nozzle means for spraying solution
into the gas stream flowing through said first chamber, second nozzle
means for spraying solution into the gas stream flowing through said
second chamber and third nozzle means for spraying solution into the gas
stream flowing through said third chamber.
14. The system according to claim 10, wherein said aqueous reagent solution
includes sodium hydroxide.
15. The system according to claim 10, wherein said aqueous reagent solution
includes sodium hypoclorite.
16. The system according to claim 10, wherein said aqueous reagent solution
is a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide,
sodium hypoclorite, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
17. The system according to claim 10, including fan means for flowing said
gas stream, under pressure, through said housing.
18. The system according to claim 10, including demister means disposed
adjacent the downstream end of said first chamber.
19. A system for removing unwanted constituents from a gas stream,
comprising:
a housing, said housing having, at an upstream end thereof, an inlet for
receiving a gas stream carrying unwanted constituents, and having, at a
downstream end thereof, an outlet for the exhaustion to atmosphere of a
gas stream which has been cleaned while passing through said housing, said
housing further having a wall disposed inside thereof, said wall forming a
first chamber and a second chamber, said chambers being disposed between
said upstream end and said downstream end, said chambers being in series
fluid communication for confining a gas stream for treatment and for
passing the gas stream from the inlet of said upstream end toward said
downstream end and out the outlet thereof, said housing further having a
first sump and a second sump, said sumps forming a bottom of said housing,
said first sump being in fluid communication with said first chamber and
said second sump being in fluid communication with said second chamber
wherein said first sump contains a first reagent, said first reagent
having a pH less than pH 7, and said second sump contains a second
reagent, said second reagent having a pH greater than pH 7;
a first means for delivering said first reagent from said first sump to
said first chamber and a second means for delivering said second reagent
from said second sump to said second chamber, wherein one portion of said
first reagent reacts chemically with unwanted constituents in the gas
stream flowing through said first chamber to produce reaction products
removing unwanted constituents from the gas stream and another portion of
said first reagent remains unreacted, and wherein the reaction products
and the unreacted first reagent portion are collected in said first sump
by being returned thereto from said first chamber, and wherein one portion
of said second reagent reacts chemically with unwanted constituents in the
gas stream flowing through said second chamber to produce reaction
products removing unwanted constituents from the gas stream and another
portion of said second reagent remains unreacted, and wherein the reaction
products and the unreacted second reagent portion are collected in said
second sump by being returned thereto from said second chamber.
20. The apparatus according to claim 19, including demister means, disposed
in the outlet of said downstream end of said housing, for removing
moisture from said gas stream.
21. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said means for delivering
an aqueous reagent solution includes atomizing nozzle means.
22. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said aqueous reagent
solution includes sodium hydroxide.
23. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said aqueous reagent
solution includes sodium hypoclorite.
24. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said first reagent is
sulfuric acid and said second reagent is a compound selected from the
group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium hypoclorite and hydrogen
peroxide.
25. The apparatus according to claim 19, including fan means for flowing
said gas stream, under pressure, through said vessel.
26. A system according to claim 19, including mist eliminator means, said
means being disposed between said first chamber and said second chamber.
27. A method of cleaning a gas stream by removing therefrom unwanted
odorous substances, comprising the steps of:
providing a housing having a first treatment chamber for confining the gas
stream for pretreatment, said chamber including a packed bed and a sump;
providing a second treatment chamber, within said housing in fluid
communication with said first treatment chamber, for confining the gas
stream for further treatment, said second treatment chamber also including
a packed bed and a sump;
wetting the packed bed in the first chamber with a surplusage of an aqueous
solution, said solution containing a chemical reagent reactive to the gas
stream odorous substances for chemical reaction therewith for formation of
reaction products;
wetting the packed bed in the second chamber with a surplusage of an
aqueous solution, said solution containing a chemical reagent reactive to
the gas stream odorous substances for chemical reaction therewith for
formation of reaction products;
passing sequentially the gas stream through the first and second chambers
including passing the gas stream through the respective packed beds
wherein the odorous substances contact and react with a portion of the
respective aqueous solutions with formation of reaction products;
collecting in the first and second sumps, respectively, the reaction
products formed in the respective packed beds and the portion of the
aqueous solution unreacted with odorous substances;
delivering the collected portion of the unreacted aqueous solution to the
first chamber packed bed for reaction therein with gas stream odorous
substances to clean the gas stream passing therethrough; and
discharging a cleaned gas stream from said housing.
28. A method according to claim 27, including providing mist eliminator
means between said first chamber and said second chamber.
29. A method according to claim 27 including wetting one of the packed beds
with an aqueous solution having a pH less than 7 and wetting the other
packed bed with an aqueous solution having a pH greater than 7.
30. A method according to claim 27 including wetting the first chamber
packed bed with an acidic aqueous solution and wetting the second chamber
packed bed with a basic solution.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates in general to control systems and methods of
using them for removing unwanted constituents from fluid streams. More
particularly, the present invention relates to an odor control system
which operates in a more effective and efficient manner in removing
unwanted odorous constituents from waste gas streams.
BACKGROUND ART
The increasing concentration of population in urban settings over the past
several decades has presented important environmental problems. Prominent
among such problems is one presented when it becomes desirable, from a
public health or aesthetic consideration, to remove unwanted odorous
constituents from a gas stream, prior to its release into the atmosphere.
Various techniques have been developed in response to the need for odorous
constituent removal. As a general rule, an effective technique should be
tailored to the particular constituent to be removed.
For example, in the case of odors carried by air which has been in contact
with untreated sewage in pumping stations, several considerations are in
order. To assess each properly, it is important to identify and
characterize the odor causing constituent before attempting to develop
techniques for its removal. Thus, in the sewage system environment, a
primary cause of odor is hydrogen sulfide. This compound is detectable by
the human olfactory sense at very low concentrations. In addition to the
unpleasant odor associated with it, hydrogen sulfide is noted for its
toxicity and its capacity for corroding materials with which it comes in
contact.
Of course, hydrogen sulfide is not the only undesirable constituent found
in effluent gases. Others, such as amines, mercaptons and organic acids
can be produced from a variety of sources, including rendering plants,
kraft pulp plants, paint and coating operations and oil refineries.
Because of the undesirability of introducing such undesirable constituents
into the atmosphere, communities and governmental agencies have formulated
criteria for their regulation. A suitable odor control system, meeting
such criteria, would substantially reduce the likelihood of any public
nuisance or annoyance by removing, in a cost effective manner, substantial
amounts of unwanted substances, preferably at or near the source of their
production.
Removal of odorous constituents from a waste gas stream can be accomplished
by several techniques. In general, conventional odor control systems can
be divided into five major classes as follows:
A. Incineration. In this technique, thermal oxidation occurs when the
temperature of the gas stream is elevated to a level at which compounds
burn in the presence of oxygen derived from the atmosphere or from the
stream containing the odorous constituents. High temperatures are
required. Although this technique is effective in controlling odor to
almost any desirable level, fuel costs are generally high, even when heat
recovery methods are employed.
Thus, although incineration is suitable for some applications, it is not
generally the technique of choice in many odor control applications.
B. Adsorption. This comprises a process in which gaseous constituents are
trapped and oxidized on the surface of a solid. Commonly used sorbents are
activated charcoal and carbon. In general, systems utilizing adsorption
are easy to operate and sometimes desirable because no liquid waste is
produced. However, because frequent regeneration of the sorbent is
required, adsorptive systems are not generally desirable as a primary odor
control system.
C. Dilution. In this technique, odorous gas is mixed with enough fresh air
to reduce odor concentration below a threshold level. Such a technique is
not acceptable, at least in some applications, because unacceptably large
volumes of fresh air would be required to achieve a desired level of odor
control.
D. Masking. Odor modification or masking is a method in which a pleasant
odor is superimposed on an unpleasant one. The technique is based on the
premise that a person perceives a mixture of smells as a single odor.
Masking is impractical for odor control at stations where large volumes of
odor contaminated air are being discharged.
E. Absorption. Absorption, or chemical oxidation, is a process in which
odorous compounds in a gas stream are transferred into a liquid solution
and are chemically oxidized in the liquid phase. In general, a liquid
solution of chemical reagents is used.
In some cases, the absorption method, utilizing chemical reaction and
oxidation, is the technique of choice because of cost considerations,
especially when large gas volumes having relatively low concentrations of
odorous compounds are involved. In general, the technique is utilized in a
mass transfer system conventionally known as a scrubber.
In scrubber systems utilizing the absorption method, reaction between
chemical treating agents and the odorous constituents takes place in the
liquid phase. Removal efficiency depends on the transfer rate of the
compounds from air into liquid. This, in turn, is dependent on mass
transfer coefficient and total interfacial surface area. Such
considerations drive scrubber design.
Several conventional scrubber systems exist for bringing chemical reagents
into contact with an air stream bearing odorous compounds. Such systems
include packed towers, spray/mist chambers, Venturis and impingement tray
towers.
A conventional chemical treatment and oxidation scrubber currently in
widespread use is a scrubber utilizing a packed tower with a fan for
exhausting odors from a contaminated area. Often, such a scrubber
comprises a large cylindrical tower having random packing irrigated by a
recirculating reagent solution from a liquid sump located below the
packing. The random packing, as opposed to structured packing, is used to
maximize surface contact between the gas undergoing treatment and the
reactant liquid. In such a system, odorous gas is passed through the unit
and contacted with the recirculating liquid stream in a counter-current
fashion. Odorous constituents are absorbed into the liquid where they
react with chemicals added to the recirculating liquid. The treated gas
exits at the top of the scrubber and by-product reactants are accumulated
in the liquid in the sump until purged from the system by a blowdown
stream.
In some cases, scrubbers utilizing packed towers are added as a retro-fit
project in response to neighbor or employee complaints. In other cases, of
course, such systems are contemplated in the initial design of a facility
and are erected during facility construction. In either case, a typical
packed tower system presents significant height and floor space
requirements. In other words, such systems often have a "footprint" which
is substantially greater than one might wish.
For example, a typical 15,000 cfm packed tower system for a municipal
wastewater treatment plant requires more than 20 feet of height clearance
and, with ancillary equipment, occupies approximately 400 square feet of
floor space. Thus, it is apparent that such conventional systems, although
having substantial utility, impose a large sacrifice of expensive facility
space and volume. The problem is compounded when a plurality of packed
towers is required, either because of the nature of the unwanted
substances in the gas being treated or because reaction products formed
within one packed tower must, in turn, be treated or neutralized in
another tower before release to atmosphere.
In view of the aforementioned limitations of conventional odor control
systems, it would be desirable to have a system for effective treatment of
odorous gases which would eliminate the necessity of dedicating large
portions of a facility to the system.
In addition to the expensive and undesirable space penalties presented by
conventional systems, other problems are presented by the necessity of
purchasing and installing ancillary equipment. Typical scrubbers utilize
one or more packed towers, each of which requires, for its operation,
recirculating pumps, exhaust fans, chemical metering pumps, liquid
monitors and chemical storage. These components are generally assembled at
the site of erection of the scrubbing system and must by wired or plumbed
into the system. In the usual case, they substantially increase the size
of the footprint of the scrubber and their cost can sometimes equal or
exceed the capital cost of the equipment, especially when installation
costs are considered.
In cold climates, it is sometimes necessary to insulate or provide suitable
enclosures for the ancillary equipment, thereby again increasing
installation and operating costs. In view of these considerations, it
would be very desirable to have an odor control system which would reduce
substantially the costs of installing and operating ancillary equipment.
Ideally, such a system would have operating efficiencies at least equal to
those of conventional systems while substantially reducing installation
costs and the size of the system footprint.
Another significant problem with conventional packed towers is plugging of
the packing as a result of accumulation of solids. Such accumulations can
quickly lead to reduced system efficiency. Plugging may be caused by a
variety of operational parameters such as hardness of make-up water, the
chemical reagents utilized, and system pH. It is generally recognized that
plugging can be effectively reduced or eliminated by purging the system.
In the purging process, an amount of the recirculation stream, together
with an equal or greater amount of the by-product salts created and added
to the system, must be constantly removed from the sump to prevent the
accumulation of solids and resultant plugging. Fresh make-up water and new
chemical reagent must be added to replace the purge stream.
However, a major concern in consideration of system purge rate is the cost
of unreacted chemical reagent which is sent to the drain during the
purging process. Over time, this cost can make system operation
prohibitively expensive. The alternative, an inefficient, plugged system,
is also unacceptable. The dichotomy presented by the desire to have a
smoothly operating system on the one hand and conserving chemical reagent
on the other hand, can cause friction among system managers where one may
desire high purge rates (and reduced maintenance costs) while another
would opt for reducing chemical reagent costs by utilizing low purge
rates.
In view of the foregoing, it would indeed be desirable to have an odor
control system in which packed tower purging could be accomplished with a
significant reduction in reagent waste. Such a system would result in a
significant reduction in the large footprint of conventional systems,
would reduce or eliminate some of the problems presented by installation
and operation of ancillary equipment, and would provide a method of packed
tower purging that would permit suitable purge rates while reducing the
amount of wasted reagent. Such a desirable odor control system would
substantially lower operating costs by maximizing reagent utilization.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is to provide a new and
improved odor control system, and method of using it, for removing
unwanted substances from waste gases while optimizing chemical
utilization.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved
odor control system which, compared to such conventional systems, operates
at substantially reduced costs.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an odor control
system which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and easily
installed, requiring little maintenance.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new and
improved odor control system in which the gas treating components are
located in a single housing.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a new and
improved odor control system in a compact arrangement of components to
conserve the facility area required for its installation.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a new and
improved odor control system having the capability of multiple stages and
multiple chemistries in a single housing. In this regard, conventional
chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen
peroxide and sulfuric acid, can be efficiently utilized. Moreover, because
of the novel design of the present invention, otherwise incompatible
chemicals, requiring dramatically different pH conditions to function, can
be utilized contemporaneously in a once through process. Thus, for
example, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide may be used at the same time
for a particular scrubber operation.
It is an even still further object of the present invention to provide a
new and improved odor control system which can be factory assembled and
tested, prior to delivery to the job site.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an odor
control system having a lower height and substantially smaller footprint
than conventional odor control systems.
Briefly, the above and further objects of the present invention are
realized by providing an odor control system and method for removing
unwanted odorous airborne constituents in which the gas stream is flowed
through a compact, boxlike housing having a plurality of sequentially
communicating treatment chambers. Gas stream pretreatment is accomplished
in a first chamber, in fluid communication with a sump, as the gas flows
through a packed bed wetted by suitable chemical reagents. After
pretreatment, the gas stream is passed through downstream chambers, also
utilizing wetted packed beds. These chambers are in fluid communication
with a second, separate sump. Because of the first chamber/separate sump
combination, influent gas treatment, by stages, can be accomplished. In
this manner, different, contemporaneous chemical treatments are possible,
within the single housing, with different chemical reagents utilized as
needed. Such treatments are possible even in cases where otherwise
incompatible chemical reagents are used. Reagents used in the first
chamber are, in substantial part, recycled from the first chamber sump.
These reagents are augmented by unreacted chemicals from the blowdown of
the downstream sump. After treatment in the last downstream chamber, the
cleaned gas flows through a demister, for moisture removal, before it is
exhausted to atmosphere.
The odor control system of the present invention provides several distinct
advantages. First, the boxlike geometry permits mounting of metering and
recirculating pumps, oxidation reduction potential controls and pH
controls on the system itself. Secondly, the boxlike construction permits
use of vertical seal less pumps instead of the horizontal, centrifugal
pumps used in conventional systems. As a result of this improvement,
suction piping, mechanical seals and water for the seals are eliminated
and space requirements for pumps are significantly reduced as are costs
related to mechanical seal replacement. Further, the smaller footprint of
the present invention affords a lower system height while permitting
multiple stages and multiple chemistries. In addition, the construction of
the present invention allows 25% to 50% more throughput of contaminated
air, as compared to conventional odor control systems.
Still further advantages of the present invention relate to a novel use of
a purge stream prior to discharge of the stream into the drain, thereby
increasing chemical utilization. As a result of this feature, maintenance
costs are reduced since higher purge rates can be used in view of
increased chemical utilization. Also, the use of low cost chemicals, such
as caustic, in the pretreatment stage, in combination with the use of the
purge stream, further reduces operating costs. In addition, the present
invention is so flexible that it permits, in the same apparatus, use of
low energy packing to remove easily removable substances (such as ammonia)
and high performance (high energy) packing for removal of more difficult
substances (such as mercaptans).
In view of the foregoing, it can be seen that the present invention
significantly reduces chemical cost, during the lifetime of the system, by
recovering unreacted chemical and recycling it through the gas
pretreatment stage. In this regard, significant annual savings can be
realized when compared to operating costs of conventional odor control
systems.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it utilizes rectangular
geometry in which system components are fit into a very compact boxlike
structure, thereby requiring significantly less facility area. Another
advantageous aspect of the system design is seen in the fact that a
significant reduction in system plumbing and ducting can be accomplished,
thereby reducing installation costs and substantially eliminating problems
of leakage.
Still another advantage of the present invention is that, by virtue of its
unitary construction, the odor control system can be factory assembled,
piped, wired and tested, thereby eliminating the expense and inconvenience
of field assembly and thereby reducing installation costs and providing a
more easily maintained and more aesthetically pleasing system.
Yet still another advantage of the present invention is that it has
increased flexibility and reduced operating costs, as compared to
conventional odor control systems, by virtue of having multiple stages
within a single housing.
Yet still another advantage of the present invention is that it is capable
of multiple chemistries, thereby increasing system flexibility and
reducing operating costs.
In summary, the odor control system of the present invention is a 3-stage,
single-pass system capable of automatic operation with automatic chemical
injection, but also capable of manual operation. The system comprises a
complete package of unitary construction, pre-assembled, piped, wired, and
factory tested and including a scrubber, demister, fan, metering and
recirculation pumps and controls. The customer needs only to provide foul
air ducting, concrete pad, electrical power, properly softened water
supply, drain and chemical storage tanks.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above mentioned and other objects and features of this invention and
the manner of attaining them will be become apparent, and the invention
itself will be best understood, by reference to the following description
of the embodiment of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an odor control system which is
constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a view of the odor control system of FIG. 1, taken along line
2--2 of said figure;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of an odor control
system constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a view of the odor control system of FIG. 3, taken along line
4--4 showing portions cut away; and
FIG. 5 is a view of the odor control system of FIG. 3, taken along line
5--5 of said figure.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings and, more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof,
there is shown a new odor control system 10 which is constructed in
accordance with the present invention. The system 10 receives waste gases,
bearing unwanted odorous constituents, from such sources as semiconductor
process plants, kraft pulp plants, paint and coating operations, oil
refineries and municipal wastewater treatment plants. The gas stream may
carry hydrogen sulfide, acidic gases or other substances either hazardous
to human health or unacceptable to people in the vicinity of the gas
producing source.
In copending patent application Ser. No. 08/232,203, there is disclosed a
novel emergency scrubbing system which has utility in removing explosively
released gases, such as chlorine gas, from a gas stream. This emergency
scrubber is boxlike in design having three sequentially connected
treatment chambers disposed over a common sump. Chemical reagents sprayed
into the chlorine gas react therewith and reaction products, together with
unreacted chemical reagents, fall into a common sump. During operation of
the emergency scrubbing system, the gas flowing therethrough reverses
direction several times thereby increasing the dwell time in the system
and helping to produce excellent system performance.
In the system 10 of the present invention, a boxlike housing 14 is also
utilized. It contains three sequentially connected treatment chambers and,
as the gas stream flows through the system 10, it changes direction three
times. In typical system 10 operation, a pretreatment stage occurs in an
inlet chamber 16 where the gas stream passes through a packed bed 36 which
has been wetted with chemical reagents.
After pretreatment in the inlet chamber 16 is accomplished, the gas stream
flows through another packed bed 44 in an intermediate chamber 18, thence
through yet another packed bed 48 located in an outlet chamber 22. A
second sump 32, separated from a sump 28, but in fluid communication
therewith, is located beneath the chambers 18 and 22. Once again, a
surplusage of reagents can be utilized to wet the packed beds 44 and 48
since the unreacted portion thereof are collected in the sump 32. These
reagents are transferred to the sump 28 for recirculation through the
packed bed 36. In this novel manner, waste of unreacted chemical is
significantly reduced and, in some cases, it is virtually eliminated. As a
result, substantial cost savings are realized in comparison to
conventional single step odor control systems.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the housing 14 of the system 10 includes a
bottom wall 14a, a top wall 14b, side walls 14c and 14d, a front wall 14e
and a back wall 14f. An interior wall 42 separates the inlet chamber 16
from an intermediate chamber 18 while another interior wall 46 separates
the intermediate chamber 18 and the outlet chamber 22. It will be noted
that the wall 42, while it does not extend to the top wall 14b, does
extend between the inlet chamber 16 and the intermediate chamber 18 to
contact the bottom wall 14a, thereby defining, together with portions of
the side wall 14c, back wall 14f and front wall 14e, the sump 28. In like
manner, the interior wall 42, together with the side wall 14d, back wall
14f, front wall 14e and bottom wall 14a, defines a second sump 32.
After the gas stream has been pretreated, it flows into the intermediate
chamber 18 where, once again it is flowed through a wetted packed bed 44
before it flows out of the intermediate chamber 18 and into the outlet
chamber 22. The third packed bed 48, similarly wetted with suitable
chemical reagents is utilized in the outlet chamber 22. As noted, beneath
the intermediate chamber 18 and the outlet chamber 22 is the common sump
32 which is separated from the sump 28 by the wall 42. Here again, a
surplusage of chemical reagents can be used since unreacted reagents fall
into the sump 32 where, by virtue of an overflow conduit 39 the unreacted
reagents in the sump 32 can be flowed into the sump 28 for recirculation
through the packed bed 36. Liquid flow through the overflow conduit 39 can
be controlled by an amount of make up water to the sump 32. As desired,
liquids may be drained from the sump 28 through a drain 26, controlled by
a valve 27. A sump overflow pipe 29, in fluid communication with the drain
26, can be used to maintain a suitable liquid level in the sump 28. A
drain 31 can be utilized for draining the sump 32.
Considering now FIGS. 1 and 2 in greater detail, a waste gas stream flowing
under pressure in a manner designated generally by the arrows M, enters
the system 10 at an inlet 33 of a fan 34. The fan 34 rests on a shelf 35
which is supported in a conventional manner. The fan 34, connected in
fluid communication with the inlet chamber 16 by a duct 41, drives the gas
stream along the course M through the system 10.
Pretreatment of the gas stream occurs in the inlet chamber 16. The packed
bed 36, used to maximize surface contact between odorous gas constituents
and reactant liquids, is wetted by chemical reagents delivered through a
nozzle 38 (FIG. 2). The nozzle 38 is preferably made of Teflon,
polypropylene or PVC having a full cone, wide angle non-clog construction.
It is fluidly connected to a riser 58 by a header 59.
The packing media utilized for packing of the bed 36, whether the bed is
structured or random, is typically polypropylene or PVC which are
generally resistant to the corrosive attack of acids, alkali and bleach
solutions. Different packing media can be utilized in the odor control
system of the present invention to optimize removal of different gas
stream components. For example, ammonia is very easily neutralized with
acid. Thus, a low energy (low pressure drop) packing can be used while
other components, such as mercaptans, require very high energy packing
media for effective removal.
During system 10 operation, the gas stream, after passing countercurrently
through the packed bed 36, flows over the wall 42. After the pretreatment
stage in the inlet chamber 16 is completed, the gas stream, following the
arrow M, exits the inlet chamber 16 by flowing over the wall 42 whereupon
it enters the intermediate chamber 18 for further chemical treatment. The
packed bed 44 in the intermediate chamber 18 and the packed bed 48 in the
outlet chamber 22 are similar in function and construction to the packed
bed 36 and each also contains suitable packing. The packed bed 48 is
wetted through a nozzle 66 which, in turn, is fed by a header 68 while the
packed bed 44 is wetted by a nozzle 71 receiving solution through a header
73. The headers 68 and 73 connect to flanges 77 and 75 respectively, each
being mounted on the front wall 14e in a manner similar to the flange 61.
In the intermediate chamber 18, the packed bed 44, having packing media
wetted by suitable chemical reagents, is utilized for further treatment,
in a cocurrent manner. After passing through the packed bed 44, the gas
stream M flows downwardly and under the wall 46.
In the outlet chamber 22, the gas stream M flows upwardly through the
packed bed 48, then through a mist eliminator 52 from whence it is
discharged through a stack 24 to atmosphere. The mist eliminator 52 is
generally constructed of polypropylene, PVC, thermoplastic, or fiberglass.
It is capable of removing virtually all droplets greater than 40 microns
in diameter.
During gas stream M cleaning, the sump 28 contains an aqueous solution 54
of suitable chemical reagents, including chemical reagents from the sump
32. This solution 54 is pumped, by a recirculating pump 56 through the
riser 58 for delivery to the packed bed 36. The recirculation pump 56 is a
seal-less, vertical, centrifugal type pump of CPVC or FRP construction for
corrosion resistance and long service life. The pump is suitable for
solutions over a broad pH range. It is mounted for easy service on the
shelf 35 in a conventional manner. An overflow drain 65 is utilized for
removal of reaction products from the sump 28.
In the intermediate chamber 18, the gas flows cocurrently through the
packed bed 44. As the gas flows through the packed bed 44, chemical
reactions, based on mass transport principles occur and reactions
products, unreacted chemicals and water flow downwardly into the sump 32
which is located beneath the intermediate chamber 18 and the outlet
chamber 22.
A metering pump 62, also mounted on the shelf 35, may be utilized to
introduce fresh chemical in addition to blowdown of unreacted chemical
from the sump 32 flowing through the riser 58. Riser pressure is displayed
on the gauge 64. The riser 58 is connected to the flange 61 at the outer
wall 14e at a height above the location of the packed bed 36. The header
59 is reversibly connected to the riser 58 at the flange 61.
With regard now to gas stream treatment, in the intermediate chamber 18 and
in the outlet chamber 22, a recirculating pump 83, similar in function and
construction to the pump 56 is mounted on the shelf 35 to pump solution
through the riser 87. A pair of metering pumps 84 and 85 identical in
construction and function to the pump 62, is disposed on the self 35. The
pumps 84 and 85 are utilized to control the amount of fresh reagent added
to the aqueous solution 72 flowing through the riser 87. Riser pressure is
displayed on a gauge 64a.
The partition wall 46 separates the intermediate chamber 18 from the outlet
chamber 22. The wall 46 does not extend into the sump 32, which contains
an aqueous solution 72, so that the gas stream is permitted to flow under
the partition 46 and thence upwardly through the outlet chamber 22.
The gas undergoing treatment in the outlet chamber 22 is treated in a
countercurrent manner and, upon exiting the packed bed 48, it flows
through the mist eliminator 52 and as cleaned gas, is exhausted to
atmosphere. It will be noted by reference to FIG. 1, that the riser 87,
controlled by a valve 88, is capable of carrying reagents and aqueous
solution of chemicals to a place above the mist eliminator 52. In this
manner, the mist eliminator can be washed with suitable solutions as
deemed necessary.
Considering now a chemical feed and dilution subsystem 23 in greater detail
with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the subsystem is comprised of
recirculating pumps, metering pumps and liquid distribution risers and
nozzles. The subsystem 23 permits delivery of reagents such as sodium
hydroxide and/or sodium hypochlorite to the spray nozzles 38, 71 and 66
where the chemical solution is circulated through the packed beds 36, 44,
and 48 respectively.
The metering pumps 62, 84 and 85 are positive displacement, diaphragm type
chemical metering pumps which, in normal operation, typically deliver 50%
sodium hydroxide and/or 12.5% sodium hypochlorite solution to the packed
beds.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, there is shown an odor control system 20 which
is another embodiment of the present invention. Many of the components of
the system 20 are identical in construction, location and function to
their respective counterparts in the system 10, as depicted in FIGS. 1 and
2.
Thus, for convenience, such components in the odor control system 20 will
use the same reference numerals as those used for their counterparts shown
in FIGS. 1 and 2 but the numerals will be preceded by "1". Thus, for
example, the inlet chamber 116 of FIGS. 3-5 is identical to the inlet
chamber 16 of FIG. 1. Further, the discussion of the structure, location
and function of such counterparts will not be repeated but is incorporated
herein by reference as though fully set forth.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, it will be noted that a mist eliminator 211 is
located adjacent of the inlet chamber 116. The mist eliminator 211
provides great flexibility with regard to selection of chemical reagents
for use in the system 20. For example, the mist eliminator can prevent
acid carryover from the inlet chamber 116 into the downstream chambers.
Thus, gas steam treatment with sulfuric acid under highly acidic
conditions can be accomplished in the inlet chamber 116 while alkaline
reagents are being utilized in the downstream chambers. In this manner, a
highly efficient and effective gas stream treatment can be realized in a
once through process.
In the system 20, the sump 132 has a drain 215 controlled by a valve 217.
An overflow pipe 218 fluidly connects the sump 132 with the drain 215.
With reference now to FIG. 5, the riser 187 communicates with a header 231
for delivery of liquid to a nozzle 233 for spraying the mist eliminator
152 with a cleaning substance, if desired. Liquid flow to the nozzle is
controlled by a valve 234.
Some of the above mentioned novel capabilities of the separate
sump/separate chambers of the odor control systems 10 and 20 may be
illustrated by the following Examples.
EXAMPLE I
When it is desirable to remove hydrogen sulfide from a gas stream, sodium
hydroxide, (caustic) and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) can be applied to
the packed beds of the intermediate and outlet chambers. Unreacted bleach
and caustic, collected in the downstream sump 32 can be recirculated
through the packed bed 36 in the inlet chamber 16. Thus an effective
scrubbing operation is realized while chemical usage is reduced.
EXAMPLE II
Conventional scrubbers utilize sodium hydroxide for hydrogen sulfide
removal and generally function at about 80% efficiency. Sodium hydroxide
is the reagent of choice, in such scrubbers, because it costs less than
10% of the cost of sodium hypoclorite. By utilizing the odor control
systems 10 and 20 of the present invention, sodium hydroxide is applied to
the packed bed 36, in the inlet chamber 16, thereby removing 80% of the
hydrogen sulfide at about 10% of the cost of using bleach. Subsequently,
the remaining hydrogen sulfide is removed, in the intermediate chamber 18
and in the outlet chamber 22, as sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide
are applied to the packed beds 44 and 48, respectively. Thus again, an
effective operation is achieved with significant economies in chemical
usage, especially in the case of the more expensive sodium hypochlorite.
EXAMPLE III
In a case when it is desirable to remove ammonia or amines from a gas
stream, a chemical reagent of choice is often sulfuric acid which reacts
optimally at low pH. This presents problems for conventional odor control
systems since the caustic substances and bleaches, useful for removal of
reduced sulfides, can only function at elevated pH.
By utilizing the odor control system 20 of the present invention, the
problems seen in conventional systems are solved. In this case, the sumps
128 and 132 are kept separate. Sulfuric acid is used to wet the packed bed
136. In this manner, the pH within the inlet chamber 116 is substantially
lowered and salts such as ammonium sulfate are by-product reactants. These
reactants are removed continually through the overflow 129 (FIG. 3).
Sulfuric acid carryover from the inlet chamber 116 is prevented by the mist
eliminator 211. The gas stream M flows from the mist eliminator and
through the downstream chambers where caustic and bleach can be applied.
Thus, while unreacted chemicals can still be recirculated, there is no
carryover from the sump 128 to the packed bed 144. In this manner,
chemical treatments at a strongly acid pH and at a highly alkaline pH and
be accomplished, in a novel manner, within the single housing 114.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described,
it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various modification
may be made in these embodiments without departing from the spirit of the
present invention. For that reason, the scope of the invention is set
forth in the following claims.
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