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| United States Patent |
5,542,280
|
|
Markow
, et al.
|
August 6, 1996
|
Automated gauge, assessment system and method
Abstract
A gauge, system and method are disclosed for determining the accuracy and
performance of a gauge by determining the angular deflection of the gauge
needle in response to a known input signal. A frequency generator supplies
a predetermined frequency signal or a controller supplies an input signal
to a gauge motor which causes deflection of the gauge needle. A video
camera is used to capture a video frame corresponding to the visual data
indicating the needle deflection. The needle includes a head portion and a
remote portion, such as a hub or tail, which show up as high intensity
values against the low intensity background in the video frame. The pixel
intensity values around the perimeter of a selected portion of the frame
are scanned to determine the location of maximum intensity pixels which
correspond to either the head or the remote portion of the needle.
Alternatively, the image is scanned in terms of color. By ascertaining the
locations of the head and the remote portion, the exact deflection of the
needle can be quickly and accurately determined. This deflection is then
compared against the expected deflection based on the known input signal.
If the deviation between the two values is not within an acceptable range,
the particular gauge is rejected. The deviation may also be used to
calibrate the gauge, for example, by realigning the needle or by storing
one or more compensation values to be used by the gauge.
| Inventors:
|
Markow; Paul A. (Huntsville, AL);
Cummings; Theodore M. (Huntsville, AL);
DeBardelaben; William D. (South St. Paul, MN);
McElreath; John H. (Huntsville, AL);
Nolle; William (Hazel Green, AL)
|
| Assignee:
|
Chrysler Corporation (Auburn Hills, MI)
|
| Appl. No.:
|
370087 |
| Filed:
|
January 9, 1995 |
| Current U.S. Class: |
73/1.41 |
| Intern'l Class: |
G01D 005/30; G01D 009/42; G01P 001/11; G01P 021/02 |
| Field of Search: |
73/1 R,2,866.1
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
| 2127272 | Aug., 1938 | Schweisthal et al. | 73/2.
|
| 3276240 | Oct., 1966 | Thies | 73/2.
|
| 3609376 | Sep., 1971 | Seely et al. | 73/1.
|
| 3825810 | Jul., 1974 | Helmschrott | 318/618.
|
| 4561057 | Dec., 1985 | Haley, Jr. et al. | 364/436.
|
| 4581762 | Apr., 1986 | Lapidus et al. | 382/22.
|
| 5068908 | Nov., 1991 | Inoue et al. | 382/48.
|
| 5077806 | Dec., 1991 | Peters et al. | 382/9.
|
| 5185700 | Feb., 1993 | Bezos et al. | 364/424.
|
| Foreign Patent Documents |
| 482682 | Dec., 1975 | SU | 73/2.
|
| 2280268 | Jan., 1995 | GB | 73/2.
|
Primary Examiner: Noland; Thomas P.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Taravella; Christopher A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gauge assessment apparatus for use with a gauge having a needle that
deflects in response to an input control signal, comprising:
means for generating a predetermined gauge input signal;
means for recording a needle deflection of the gauge in response to the
predetermined input signal;
means for analyzing the needle deflection to determine locations of a head
portion of the gauge needle and a needle portion remote from said head
portion to thereby determine the actual needle deflection; and
means for comparing the actual needle deflection with an expected needle
deflection corresponding to the predetermined gauge input signal to
thereby assess the accuracy of the gauge.
2. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 1, wherein the remote portion is
one of a tail portion and a hub portion.
3. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 2, wherein the means for
recording comprises a camera.
4. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 3, wherein said camera is used
to capture a video frame image containing the gauge needle in a deflected
state, and wherein the video frame is analyzed in terms of intensity in
order to locate the head portion and the remote portion.
5. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 4, wherein the means for
analyzing comprises means for scanning at least a portion of the needle
deflection to locate the head portion and the remote portion.
6. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 5, wherein the means for
scanning includes means for detecting maximum intensity locations
corresponding to the head portion and the remote portion.
7. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 3, wherein said camera is used
to capture a video frame image containing the gauge needle in a deflected
state, and wherein the video frame is analyzed in terms of color in order
to locate the head portion and the remote portion.
8. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 1, wherein the means for
recording includes means for scaling the needle deflection.
9. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 1, wherein the means for
comparing further comprises means for calibrating the gauge.
10. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means for
calibrating further comprises means for storing at least one compensation
value, said compensation value being based on said actual needle
deflection and said expected needle deflection.
11. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means for
calibrating further comprises means for realigning said needle.
12. A gauge assessment apparatus for use with a gauge having a needle that
deflects in response to an input signal, comprising:
a generator to generate a predetermined gauge input signal;
a recording unit to record a needle deflection of the gauge in response to
the predetermined input signal;
a processing unit to analyze the needle deflection to determine locations
of a head portion of the gauge needle and a needle portion remote from
said head portion to thereby determine the actual needle deflection; and
a comparison unit to compare the actual needle deflection with an expected
needle deflection corresponding to the predetermined gauge input signal to
thereby assess the accuracy of the gauge.
13. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 12, wherein the remote portion
is one of a tail portion and a hub portion.
14. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 13, wherein the recording unit
comprises a camera.
15. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 14, wherein said camera is used
to capture a video frame image containing the speedometer gauge needle in
a deflected state, and wherein the video frame is analyzed in terms of
intensity in order to locate the head portion and the remote portion.
16. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 14, wherein said camera is used
to capture a video frame image containing the speedometer gauge needle in
a deflected state, and wherein the video frame is analyzed in terms of
color in order to locate the head portion and the remote portion.
17. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processing unit
comprises a scanner to scan at least a portion of the needle deflection to
locate the head portion and the remote portion.
18. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 17, wherein the scanner
comprises a detecting circuit to detect maximum intensity locations
corresponding to the head portion and the remote portion.
19. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 12, wherein the recording unit
comprises a scaling unit to scale the needle deflection.
20. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 12, wherein the comparison unit
further comprises a calibration unit.
21. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 20, wherein the calibration
unit further comprises a storage unit to store at least one compensation
value, said compensation value being based on said actual needle
deflection and said expected needle deflection.
22. The gauge assessment apparatus of claim 20, wherein the calibration
unit further comprises an alignment unit to realign said needle.
23. A method of assessing the accuracy of a gauge having a needle that
deflects in response to an input signal, comprising the steps of:
generating a predetermined gauge input signal;
applying the predetermined gauge input signal to a gauge;
recording a needle deflection of the gauge in response to the predetermined
input signal;
analyzing the needle deflection to determine locations of a head portion of
the gauge needle and a needle portion remote from said head portion;
determining an actual needle deflection based on the locations of the head
portion and the remote portion; and
comparing the actual needle deflection with an expected needle deflection
corresponding to the predetermined gauge input signal to thereby assess
the accuracy of the gauge.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the recording step includes the further
step of recording a visual image.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the remote portion is one of a tail
portion and a hub portion and the analyzing step includes the further step
of scanning at least a portion of the needle deflection to locate the head
portion and remote portion.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the scanning step includes the further
step of analyzing the visual image with respect to pixel intensities to
locate the head portion and the remote portion.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the step of analyzing the visual image
with respect to pixel intensities includes the further step of analyzing
the pixel intensities along at least one arcuate region within the visual
image.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the scanning step includes the further
step of locating maximum intensity locations corresponding to the head
portion and the remote portion.
29. The method of claim 25, wherein the scanning step includes the further
step of analyzing the visual image with respect to color to locate the
head portion and the remote portion.
30. The method of claim 27, wherein the step of analyzing the visual image
with respect to color intensities includes the further step of analyzing
the pixel intensities along at least one arcuate region within the visual
image.
31. The method of claim 23, wherein the recording step includes the further
step of scaling the needle deflection output.
32. The method of claim 23, wherein the comparing step includes the further
step of calibrating said gauge.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the calibrating step includes the
further step of storing at least one compensation value, said compensation
value being based on said actual needle deflection and said expected
needle deflection.
34. The method of claim 32, wherein the calibrating step includes the
further step of realigning said needle.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to the field of automatic test
equipment, and more specifically, to a gauge and a system and method for
reading gauges, such as speedometer gauges or instrument clusters.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Gauges, for example, speedometer gauges, are commonly used to indicate the
speed of moving and/or rotating objects. A typical application for a
speedometer gauge is in an automobile where it is used to indicate the
speed of the automobile. The speedometer determines the speed of the
automobile using wheel sensors which indicate the number of revolutions of
the wheel. Since the circumference of the wheel is usually a known, fixed
parameter (assuming that original equipment tires or their size equivalent
are being used, and that they are properly inflated) the frequency of the
wheel sensor signals which normally represent revolutions per unit time
interval, can be converted to indicate distance travelled per unit time
interval, i.e., speed or velocity.
For example, in the case of an automobile wheel with a circumference of six
feet which rotates eight times per second, the wheel speed is:
(6 feet/rotation).(8 rotations/second).(3600 seconds/hour).(1 mile/5280
feet)=32.7 miles hour
On a deflection--type or analog gauge, this signal is converted to an
equivalent mechanical force (using a motor) which is applied to a needle
in order to deflect the needle the angular distance corresponding to the
equivalent wheel speed, as indicated by the circumferential speed markings
placed around the periphery of the speedometer gauge.
Gauges, for example, speedometer gauges or instrument clusters, such as
those used in automobiles are typically mass produced using a number of
individual components, e.g., wheel sensors, needles, and motors. These
components typically have variations from part to part and from lot to
lot, with the result being that the finished speedometer gauges vary in
performance. In other words, a given speed will be displayed differently
on different speedometer gauges due to the component variation. This
situation is extremely undesirable for such a sensitive instrument whose
accuracy is relied upon for safety reasons, performance reasons and of
course, legal reasons. Accordingly, it is necessary to test a
statistically significant number of speedometer gauges manufactured in
order to determine their accuracy. Based on this accuracy testing, only
those speedometer gauges exhibiting sufficient accuracy within a given
tolerance (e.g., 1-2 miles per hour) will be retained. The remaining
speedometer gauges are rejected as being inaccurate.
The foregoing accuracy test may be carded out by applying a known input
signal to the speedometer gauge to simulate a known wheel velocity, and
visually observing the output of the speedometer, i.e., the speed
indicated by the speedometer gauge. Although such an approach is very
effective, it is nevertheless extremely tedious and time consuming. As
with other tedious and time consuming tasks which happen to be repetitive
in nature, such a task lends itself to automation. However, when using
automated techniques, the visual assessment made by an operator must now
be made by a machine, i.e., the speed indicated by the speedometer gauge
must be "read" and a determination made as to whether or not the
particular speedometer is within the acceptable range of accuracy.
Visual inspection or object identification systems are often used for
similar tasks. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,762 to Lapidus et at.
discloses an automated object identification system which compares unknown
objects to a known reference object. The comparison or identification
includes selecting three points on the known object and calculating the
gradient information around each point. Each of the three areas of
gradient information is compared to an image of the known object. If
"good" correlation is found in the image of the unknown object, then the
unknown object has been identified as matching the known object.
Additionally, the angular displacement of the three points on the unknown
object is used to determine the orientation of the unknown object.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,806 to Peters et at. discloses an object
identification system used to identify a particular object by producing an
image of the object and then counting the number of "on" pixels in each
line of the image. This characteristic information is then used to
identify the particular object.
Although the above-described systems may be used to visually identify
objects, they are not readily applicable to the visual assessment of the
performance and accuracy of mass produced gauges. Peters et at. merely
identify an object and provide no information whatsoever that can be used
to visually assess a speedometer gauge. Although Lapidus et at. may be
used to determine angular displacement of a speedometer, such a system is
extremely complex and computation-intensive in that it requires a detailed
calculation of several gradients. Furthermore, this latter system requires
elaborate illumination techniques used for edge detection.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an automated system and
method for visually determining the accuracy and performance of a gauge or
instrument cluster.
In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention,
there is provided a system and method for determining the accuracy and
performance of a speedometer gauge by determining the angular deflection
of the speedometer gauge needle in response to an input signal
representative of a known vehicle speed. Each frame corresponding to the
visual data indicating the needle deflection is captured by a camera. The
needle has identifying markings to distinguish both the head and the tail.
These markings show up as high intensity values against the low intensity
background of the frame. The pixel intensity values around the perimeter
of a selected portion of the frame are scanned to determine the location
of a maximum intensity pixel which corresponds to either the head or the
tail of the needle.
At this stage it is not known whether this pixel is part of the head or the
tail. Accordingly, the pixels adjacent the maximum intensity pixel as well
as those 180.degree. away are scanned in order to determine whether the
first found maximum intensity pixel is part of the identifying markings of
the head or the tail. In this way, by ascertaining the locations of the
head and the tail, the exact deflection of the speedometer needle can be
quickly and accurately determined. This deflection is then compared
against the expected deflection based on the known input signal. If the
deviation between the two values is not within an acceptable range, the
particular speedometer is rejected.
The deviation may also be used to calibrate the speedometer gauge, for
example, by realigning the needle, or by storing one or more compensation
values to be used by the speedometer gauge when in use.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other features of the present invention will be more
readily apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred
embodiments taken in conjunction with the attached drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is an overall view of the system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the speedometer needle according to the
present invention;
FIG. 2a is an illustration of a speedometer gauge including a needle;
FIG. 3 is a graphical illustration of a selected portion of a frame
containing the speedometer needle of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of a frame showing the location of a
needle;
FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of a frame showing a radial sweep in the
area of the needle;
FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of a frame showing another radial sweep
in the area of the needle;
FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the pixel intensity values along a
radial sweep;
FIG. 8 is another graphical illustration of the pixel intensity values
along a radial sweep; and
FIGS. 9a and 9b are flowcharts of the method according to one embodiment of
the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is an illustration of an alternative speedometer needle according
to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 illustrates an automated speedometer gauge reading system according
to the present invention. The system 10 includes a controller 20 which may
be a computer or equivalent device. The controller 20 generates a control
signal, such as a periodic square wave signal, to provide the desired
needle deflection. This is accomplished by the controller 20 generating
frequency commands to a frequency generator interface board 22 which is
provided as part of the controller 20. The frequency generator interface
board 22 generates the appropriate periodic signal based on the frequency
commands from the controller 20 and provides the signal to speedometer
controller 30. Speedometer controller 30 then produces a corresponding
control signal to the speedometer unit 40 under test. This control signal
causes speedometer needle 42 to be deflected a certain angular distance.
Alternatively, the control provides a digital signal via peripheral board
serial port 21 and digital serial bus adapter 23 to instrument cluster
controller 25. Instrument cluster controller 25 then converts the digital
signal from the controller 20 into an appropriate analog signal which is
used to drive the gauge 40.
Video camera 50 captures the image of the speedometer with the needle
deflected and provides the image to an image capture board 24, which may
be provided as part of controller 20. Image capture board 24 essentially
functions as a conventional "frame grabber" or video digitizer. In one
embodiment of the present invention, image capture board 24 is a Matrox
PIP512B video digitizer available from Matrox Electronic Systems Limited,
Dorvai, Quebec, Canada. Controller 20 then analyzes the image, as will be
discussed in more detail below, in order to determine the-amount of
deflection of speedometer needle 42. The needle image is stored for
subsequent statistical analysis and processing. The analysis may be carded
out in terms of pixel intensities, in which case only one Matrox board is
required. Alternatively, the analysis may be carded out in terms of color,
in which case three Matrox boards are required. The entire process may be
repeatedly carded out in order to evaluate the same unit at the same
amount of deflection to assess consistency and/or at different amounts of
deflection in order to asses the operating range of the speedometer unit.
The analysis of each image will now be described in detail with reference
to FIGS. 2 through 9a and 9b. The needle 42 is shown in detail in FIG. 2.
As can be seen in FIG. 2, the needle is provided with distinguishing marks
at both the head and tail portions. In one embodiment of the present
invention, the head portion is provided with a single stripe 44 while the
tail portion is provided with dual stripes 46, the stripes having a much
higher intensity than the background. These distinguishing marks play a
significant role in the analysis of the captured video image which is used
to determine the needle deflection.
FIG. 3 shows a portion of a video frame captured by camera 50. The relevant
portion of the frame includes needle 42. If the frame image is not square,
i.e., scaled evenly in the x and y directions, an appropriate aspect ratio
must be established in order to obtain accurate and meaningful results.
In the system of the present invention, it is assumed that the center 47 of
the needle 42 will lie within a selected rectangular portion 48 of the
frame. The boundaries of this portion 48 are defined horizontally by
X.sub.LO and X.sub.HI, and vertically by Y.sub.LO and Y.sub.HI. The
dimensions of rectangular portion 48 are preferably less than half the
overall X and Y dimensions of the video frame. The pixel intensity values
around the perimeter of frame portion 48 are scanned until a maximum
intensity pixel is located. Since only the head and tail portions are
provided with maximum intensity distinguishing marks 44 and 46,
respectively, the maximum intensity pixel located on the perimeter of
frame portion 48 will be where either the head or the tail crosses the
boundary of the frame portion 48.
In order to determine whether the intercept point or maximum intensity
pixel on the frame portion boundary represents the head or the tail, a
line L is calculated from the center 49 of the frame portion through the
intercept point (FIG. 4). The length r of this line is made as large as
possible while still remaining within the frame. The end point e of the
line L serves as a reference point for locating the head or tail.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the end point e is swept through an are, for
example .+-.20.degree. in increments of 1.degree.. At each point along the
sweep through the are, the pixel value intensity at that location is
stored in an array called "gamma." The individual values in the gamma
array, gamma[1], gamma[2] . . . , are collectively referred to as
gamma[n].
This sweeping process is carried out at the opposite end point of line L,
i.e., 180.degree. away, as shown in FIG. 6. The pixel values from the
sweep of this opposite are stored in an array beta[n].
The gamma array and beta array are plotted as a function of pixel location,
as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively. Referring now to FIG. 7, the plot
of the gamma array is scanned for maximum and minimum intensity points.
These two values are used to calculate a gamma threshold, which, for
example may be defined as the minimum intensity value plus 70% of the
difference between the maximum and minimum values:
gamma threshold=MIN+0.7(MAX-MIN)
The points where the gamma plot crosses the gamma threshold are recorded.
If there are only two crossings, i.e., a single maximum point, then the
gamma plot contains the head of the needle. This is because the head
portion of the needle 42 contains a single stripe 44. Conversely, if the
gamma plot contains four gamma threshold crossings, i.e., two maximum
points, then the gamma plot contains the tail of the needle, because the
tail portion contains dual stripes 46.
A similar type analysis is carried out on the beta plot (FIG. 8), and if no
analysis errors are present, then the results should be complementary,
i.e., one of the gamma and beta plots should indicate one maximum point,
while the other of the gamma and beta plots should indicate two maximum
points. If no errors are detected, the crossing points from the gamma and
beta plots are used to determine the coordinates for the head and tail
portions of the needle 42. The head and tail coordinates will in turn be
used to calculate the needle deflection angle, taking into account any
aspect ratio scaling factors. The process described in detail above is
shown in flowchart form in FIGS. 9a and 9b.
As an example, if the input signal to the speedometer gauge corresponds to
a wheel speed of 40 miles per hour, the angle of deflection of the needle,
as indicated by the head and tail coordinates is checked to see if the
actual deflection of the needle corresponds to a speed in the range of
38-42 miles per hour (in the case of plus or minus 2 miles per hour
accuracy). Thus, in the case of a 120 mile per hour semi-circular
speedometer gauge, such as that shown in FIG. 2a, a speed of 40 miles per
hour corresponds to a needle deflection of 60 degrees in a clockwise
direction from the horizontal plane. In the speedometer gauge of FIG. 2a,
a single mile per hour corresponds to 1.5 angular degrees. Thus, 40 miles
per hour corresponds to 60 degrees, and the acceptable range of 38-42
miles per hour corresponds to an angular deflection range of 57-63
degrees. If the angular deflection of the needle, as indicated by the head
and tail coordinates, is within the range of 57-63 degrees, then the
particular speedometer gauge is accurate.
The present invention may also be used to perform a calibration procedure
on those units that are not within the acceptable gauge error range. The
calibration procedure is performed in a number of ways. First, if the
above procedure indicates an unacceptable gauge error, the needle 42 may
be removed from the speedometer gauge 40 and reattached at the proper
position corresponding to the predetermined input signal. This type of
calibration may be used to correct gauge errors that may arise due to
improper initial alignment of the needle 42 on the speedometer gauge 40.
Alternatively, the calibration procedure may involve storing one or more
correction or compensation values within each speedometer gauge 40 under
test. This type of procedure may be used in conjunction with testing at
multiple speeds (discussed below), with a compensation value being stored
for each individual test speed. The stored compensation values are then
used by the particular speedometer gauge, with the speedometer gauge
selecting the appropriate compensation value based on its instantaneous
operating speed.
If the analysis of the gamma and beta plots indicates an analysis error,
e.g., the proper number of maximum intensity points are not located, then
an error message is generated. Such a condition may arise due to improper
lighting which in turn may affect the intensity analysis of the image; or
alternatively, such an error may be due to improper placement of the
rectangular portion 48 within the image, i.e., the image analysis is
carried out on an incorrect portion of the frame which does not contain
the head and/or tail of the needle (FIG. 4).
The process described above may be carried out for the same deflection
angle again in order to ascertain the consistent performance of a unit.
Alternatively, the process may be carried out at different deflection
angles in order to determine the performance of the unit over a particular
operating range. Also, either a single deflection or a range of
deflections can be measured for a series of speedometer gauges as part of
a quality control procedure in an automated assembly plant.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a different type
needle 142 (FIG. 10) may be used. This type of needle may be used in
conjunction with a gauge such as that shown in FIG. 2a. Needle 142
includes a relatively long head portion 144, a shorter tail portion 146
and a hub 148 in between the head portion 144 and tail portion 146. When
this type of needle is used, the system of the present invention first
determines the angular position of the graticles 150 by searching for
contrast variations in the area of the expected positions of the
graticles. By determining the angular position of the starting and ending
points of the speedometer gauge (e.g., 0 MPH and 120 MPH for the gauge
illustrated in FIG. 2a), the system can determine the expected position
for the hub 148 of the needle 42.
Once the hub 148 has been located, the system searches for the head portion
144 by looking for contrast variations along an arcuate portion of the
gauge. It should be noted that the arcuate sweep is carded out at a radial
distance which is shorter than the distance from the hub 148 to the
graticles 150. Otherwise, the system may erroneously detect the graticles
150 themselves as being the needle 142. The process of locating the head
portion of the needle 142 is very similar to the process described above
with respect to needle 42, i.e., the system searches for contrast
variations between the needle 142 and the background of the speedometer
gauge. Contrast variations may be achieved in a number of ways. For
example, the needle 142 may be provided with one or more stripes as
previously described. Alternatively, the needle 142 may be constructed so
as to have a much higher (or lower) intensity value than the background of
the speedometer gauge.
If the present controller 20 is programmed according to the flowchart of
FIGS. 9a and 9b, the operation can be carded out automatically for the
testing of one or more gauges on one or more instrument clusters.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by
those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be
made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
For example, the present invention has been described with reference to a
speedometer gauge; however, the present invention is equally applicable to
situations involving the visual identification of a moving indicator.
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