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United States Patent |
5,510,361
|
Scherz
,   et al.
|
April 23, 1996
|
Di-tert-butylphenol compounds with heterocyclic moiety, useful as
anti-inflammatory agents
Abstract
The subject invention relates to compounds having the structure:
##STR1##
wherein a) each R is independently alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon
atoms;
b) Z is O or N--X;
c) X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon
atoms, C(O)Y, C(S)Y, and SO.sub.2 Y;
d) Y is selected from R', OR' and NR'.sub.2 ; and
e) R' is selected from hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon
atoms, and phenyl.
The subject invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions
comprising the above compounds, and methods of treating inflammation or
pain using the compounds.
Inventors:
|
Scherz; Michael W. (West Chester, OH);
Pikul; Stanislaw (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Assignee:
|
The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Appl. No.:
|
326619 |
Filed:
|
October 20, 1994 |
Current U.S. Class: |
514/378; 514/403; 548/240; 548/379.1 |
Intern'l Class: |
A61K 031/41; A61K 031/42; C07D 231/06; C07D 261/04 |
Field of Search: |
548/240,379.1
514/378,403
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4239901 | Dec., 1980 | Rainer | 560/34.
|
4535165 | Aug., 1985 | Moore | 548/204.
|
4724246 | Feb., 1988 | Ravichandran | 524/83.
|
4808620 | Feb., 1989 | Oe et al. | 514/303.
|
4891374 | Jan., 1990 | Thorwart et al. | 514/222.
|
4908364 | Mar., 1990 | Thorwart et al. | 514/243.
|
4940790 | Jul., 1990 | Thorwart et al. | 544/8.
|
4996327 | Feb., 1991 | Merkle et al. | 548/378.
|
5155122 | Oct., 1992 | Connor et al. | 514/363.
|
5208251 | May., 1993 | Belliotti et al. | 514/372.
|
Foreign Patent Documents |
58-148858 | Sep., 1983 | JP.
| |
1-180878 | Jul., 1989 | JP.
| |
2-229169 | Sep., 1990 | JP.
| |
Other References
Costantino, L., C. Parenti, M. DiBella, P. Zanoli and M. Baraldi,
"Anti-inflammatory Activity of Newly Synthesized
2,6--Bis--(1,1--dimethylethyl)phenol Derivatives", Pharmacological
Research, vol. 27 (1993), No. 4, pp. 349-357.
Isomura, Y., S. Sakamoto, N. Ito, H. Homma, T. Abe and K. Kubo, "Synthesis
and Anti-inflammatory Activity of 2,6--Di--tert--butylphenois with a
Heterocyclic Group at the 4-Position. III.", Chem. Pharm. Bull., vol. 32
(1984), No. 1, pp. 152-165.
Mullican, M. D., M. W. Wilson, D. T. Connor, C. R. Kostlan, D. J. Schrier
and R. D. Dyer "Design of
5--(3,5--Di--tert--butyl--4--hydroxyphenyl)--1,3,4--thiadiazoles,
--1,3,4--oxadiazoles, and --d1,2,4--triazoles as Orally-active,
Nonulcerogenic Antiinflammatory Agent", J. Med. Chem., vol. 36 (1993), No.
8, pp. 1090-1099.
Unangst, P. C., G. P. Shrum, D. T. Connor, R. D. Dyer and D. J. Schrier
"Novel 1,2,4--Oxadiazoles and 1,2,4--Thiadiazoles as Dual 5--Lipoxygenase
and Cycloxygenase Inhibitors", J. Med. Chem., vol. 35 (1992), No. 20, pp.
3691-3698.
|
Primary Examiner: McKane; Joseph K.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Graff, IV; Milton B., Clark; Karen F., McMahon; Mary Pat
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound having the structure:
##STR10##
wherein a) each R is independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl
or alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms;
b) Z is O or N--X;
c) X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl having from 1
to about7 carbon atoms, C(O)Y, C(S)Y, and SO2Y;
d) Y is selected from the group consisting of R', OR'and NR'.sub.2 ; and
e) R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl having from
1 to about 7 carbon atoms, and phenyl.
2. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is oxygen.
3. The compound of claim 1 wherein each R is unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.3
alkanyl.
4. The compound of claim 3 wherein Z is oxygen.
5. The compound of claim 3 wherein both R are the same moiety.
6. The compound of claim 5 wherein both R are methyl, and Z is oxygen.
7. The compound of claim 3 wherein Z is N--X.
8. The compound of claim 7 wherein X is hydrogen or unsubstituted C.sub.1
-C.sub.3 alkanyl, and both R are the same moiety.
9. The compound of claim 7 wherein X is selected from the group consisting
of C(O)Y, C(S)Y, and SO2Y; R' is hydrogen or unsubstituted C.sub.1
-C.sub.3 alkanyl; and both R are the same moiety.
10. The compound of claim 9 wherein X is SO.sub.2 Y, and Y is unsubstituted
C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkanyl.
11. The compound of claim 10 wherein Y is methyl and both R are methyl.
12. The compound of claim 8 wherein both R are methyl.
13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(a) a safe and effective amount of the compound of claim 1, 4, 6, 8, or 9;
and
(b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
14. A method of treating inflammation or pain comprising the peroral
administration of a safe and effective amount of the compound of claim 1,
4, 6, 8 or 9.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The subject invention relates to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
particularly to substituted di-tert-butylphenol compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Certain di-tert-butylphenol compounds and other compounds structurally
related thereto have been found to have significant anti-inflammatory
and/or analgesic activity; others have been found to have other disease
altering activities. Certain of such compounds, processes for making them,
and uses for them are disclosed in the following references: U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,535,165 issued to Moore on Aug. 13, 1985; 4,724,246 issued to
Ravichandran on Feb. 9, 1988; 4,808,620 issued to Oe, Kawasaki, Terasawa &
Yasunaga on Feb. 28, 1989; 4,891,374 issued to Thorwart, Gebert,
Schleyerbach & Bartlett on Jan. 2, 1990; 4,908,364 issued to Thorwart,
Gebert, Schleyerbach & Bartlett on Mar. 13, 1990; 4,940,790 issued to
Thorwart, Gebert, Schleyerbach & Bartlett on Jul. 10, 1990; 5,155,122
issued to Connor, Flynn, Kostlan, Mullican, Shrum, Unangst & Wilson on
Oct. 13, 1992; Japanese Patent Application Nos. 58-148858 of Yamanouchi
Pharm. Co. published on Sep. 5, 1983; 1-180878 of Yoshitomi Pharm. Ind.
published Jul. 18, 1989; 2-229169 of Takeda Chemical Ind. published Sep.
11, 1990: Isomura, Y., S. Sakamoto, N. Ito, H. Homma, T. Abe & K. Kubo,
"Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Activity of 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenols with
a Heterocyclic Group at the 4-Position. III.", Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 32
(1984) No. 1, pp. 152-165; Unangst, P. C., G. P. Shrum, D. T. Connor, R.
D. Dyer & D. J. Schrier, "Novel 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles
as Dual 5-Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors", J. Med. Chem., Vol.
35 (1992), pp. 3691-3698; Costantino, L., C. Parenti, M. Di Bella, P.
Zanoli & M. Baraldi, "Anti-inflammatory Activity of Newly Synthesized
2,6-Bis-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)Phenol Derivatives", Pharmacological Research,
Vol. 27 (1993) No. 4, pp. 349-358; Mullican, M. D., M. W. Wilson, D. T.
Connor, C. R. Kostlan, D. J. Schrier & R. D. Dyer, "Design of
5-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles,-1,3,4-oxadiazole
s, and-1,2,4-triazoles as Orally-Active, Nonulcerogenic Anti-inflammatory
Agents", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 36 (1993), pp. 1090-1099.
Although a number of di-tert-butylphenol compounds have been demonstrated
to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity, many such compounds exhibit little
or no anti-inflammatory activity. Thus it is generally not possible to
predict whether such compounds have substantial anti-inflammatory activity
without testing for the activity.
It is an object of the subject invention to provide compounds which have
effective anti-inflammatory, analgesic and/or anti-oxidant activity.
It is a further object of the subject invention to provide such compounds
which cause few adverse side effects.
It is also an object of the subject invention to provide methods for
treating inflammation and/or pain using the subject compounds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The subject invention involves compounds having the structure:
##STR2##
wherein a) each R is independently alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon
atoms;
b) Z is 0 or N--X;
c) X is selected from hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon
atoms; C(O)Y, C(S)Y, and SO.sub.2 Y;
d) Y is selected from R', OR' and NR'.sub.2 ; and
e) each R' is selected from hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon
atoms, and phenyl.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, "alkyl" means a straight,
branched or cyclic hydrocarbon chain, saturated or unsaturated,
unsubstituted or substituted. Preferred alkyl are straight chain.
Preferred branched alkyl have one or two branches, preferably one branch.
Preferred cyclic alkyl are monocyclic or are straight chain and monocyclic
combination, especially a straight chain with a monocyclic terminus.
Preferred alkyl are saturated. Unsaturated alkyl have one or more double
bonds or/and one or more triple bonds. Preferred unsaturated alkyl have
one or two double bonds or one triple bond, more preferably one double
bond. Preferred alkyl are unsubstituted. Preferred substituted alkyl are
mono-, di-, or trisubstituted, more preferably monosubstituted. Preferred
alkyl substituents include halo, hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy
propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy, chlorophenoxy,
tolyloxy, methoxyphenoxy, alkyloxycarbonylphenoxy, acyloxyphenoxy),
benzyloxy, acyloxy (e.g., propionyloxy, benzoyloxy, acetoxy),
carbamoyloxy, carboxy, mercapto, alkylthio, acylthio, arylthio (e.g.,
phenylthio, chlorophenylthio, alkylphenylthio, alkoxyphenylthio,
alkyloxycarbonylphenylthio), benzylthio, aryl (e.g., phenyl, tolyl,
alkyloxphenyl, alkyloxycarbonylphenyl, carboxyphenyl, halophenyl),
heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, amino (e.g., amino, mono-and di- C.sub.1
-C.sub.3 alkanylamino, methylphenylamino, methylbenzylamino), amido (e.g.,
amido, mono- and di- C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkanylamido, carbamamido), ureido
and guanidino.
As used herein, "alkanyl" means a saturated alkyl.
As used herein, "alkoxy" means a substituent having the structure Q--O--,
where Q is alkyl.
As used herein, "alkylthio" means a substituent having the structure
Q--S--, where Q is alkyl.
As used herein, "aryl" means a moiety having an unsubstituted or
substituted aromatic ring having 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. Preferred
aryl are phenyl and naphthyl; most preferred aryl is phenyl. Preferred
aryl are unsubstituted. Preferred substituted aryl are mono-, di-, or
trisubstituted, more preferably monosubstituted. Preferred aryl
substituents include hydroxy, mercapto, halo, methyl, ethyl and propyl.
As used herein, "heterocyclyl" means a moiety having a saturated or
unsaturated non-aromatic ring having from 3 to about 8 ring atoms,
including from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from 1 to about 4 heteroatoms
selected from O, S, and N. Preferred heterocycles are saturated. Preferred
heterocycles have 5 or 6 atoms in the ring including 1 to 3 heteroatoms in
the ring, also preferably 1 or 2 heteroatoms in the ring. Specific
preferred heterocycles include piperidinyl, tetrahydrothienyl,
pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,
tetrahydrofuranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,
isoxazolidinyl, oxathiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl,
triazolidinyl. Heterocycles are unsubstituted or substituted, preferably
unsubstituted. Preferred substituted heterocycles are mono-, di-, or
trisubstitued, more preferably monosubstituted. Preferred heterocycle
substitutents include alkyl (including substituted alkyl, e.g.,
thiomethyl, carboxymethyl, chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl), halo, hydroxy,
carboxy, alkoxy, acyloxy, mercapto, amino (including mono- and di- C.sub.1
-C.sub.3 alkanylamino, e.g., methylamino, dimethylamino), amido,
carbamamido, thiocarbamamido, ureido, thioureido, guanidino (including
methyl-substituted guanidino, e.g., methylguanidino,
N,N'-dimethylguanidino, N,N-dimethylguanidino).
As used herein, "heteroaryl" means a moiety having an aromatic ring having
5 or 6 ring atoms including from 2 to 5 carbon atoms and from 1 to 4
heteroatoms selected from O, S and N. More preferred heteroaryls have 1 to
3 heteroatoms in the ring, also preferably 1 or 2 heteroatoms in the ring.
Specific preferred heteroaryls include pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyranyl, thienyl,
tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furyl, oxathiazolyl. Heteroaryls are
unsubstituted or substituted, preferably unsubstituted. Preferred
substituted heterocycles are mono-, di-, or trisubstituted, more
preferably monosubstituted. Preferred heteroaryl substituents include
alkyl, (including substituted alkyl, e.g., thiomethyl, carboxymethyl,
chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl), halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, thio, amino
(including mono- and di- C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkanylamino, e.g., methylamino,
dimethylamino, methoxymethylamino, carboxymethylamino), amido, cyanamido,
thiocarbamamido, ureido, thioureido, guanidino (including
methyl-substituted guanidino, e.g., methylguanidino,
N,N'-dimethylguanidino, N,N'-dimethylguanidino), N,N-dimethylguanidino),
S-methylthiocarbamoyl.
As used herein, "halo" means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo; preferred halo
are fluoro, chloro and bromo; more preferred is chloro, and also fluoro.
Compounds
The subject invention involves particular di-tert-butylphenol compounds
having the following structure:
##STR3##
In the above structure, each R is independently alkyl having from 1 to
about 7 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms. Each R is
preferably saturated. Each R is preferably unsubstitutted. Each R is
preferably C.sub.1 to about C.sub.3 straight or branched alkanyl, or
C.sub.3 to about C.sub.4 cyclic alkanyl. Each R is preferably methyl,
ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl; more preferably methyl or ethyl; most
preferably methyl. Each R is also preferably cyclopropyl. Preferably, both
R are the same moiety.
In the above structure, Z is O or N--X; preferred Z is oxygen. X is
selected from hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms,
C(O)Y, C(S)Y, and SO.sub.2 Y. Preferred X is hydrogen. Also preferred X is
SO.sub.2 Y.
Y is selected from R', OR' and NR'.sub.2. Preferred Y is R'. Also preferred
Y is NR'.sub.2. R' is selected from hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to about
7 carbon atoms, and phenyl. Preferred R' is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl. More preferred R' is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,
n-propyl, i-propyl, and cyclopropyl; most preferred is hydrogen or methyl.
Preferred compounds of the subject invention include those having the above
structure with R, Z, X, Y and R' as indicated in the following table:
______________________________________
Compound
No. R Z X Y R'
______________________________________
1 Me, Me O -- -- --
2 Me, Me N-X H -- --
3 Me, Me N-X SO.sub.2 Y
R' Me
4 Me, Me N-X C(O)Y NR'.sub.2
H, H
5 c-Pr, c-Pr N-X H -- --
______________________________________
In order to determine and assess pharmacological activity, testing of the
subject compounds in animals is carried out using various assays known to
those skilled in the art. The anti-inflammatory activity of the subject
compounds can be conveniently demonstrated using an assay designed to test
the ability of the subject compounds to antagonize the local edema which
is characteristic of the inflammatory response. Examples of such known
tests include the rat carrageenan edema test, the oxazolone-induced
inflamed mouse ear test, and the mouse arachadonic acid-induced inflamed
ear test. Analgesic activity may be tested in art-known models such as the
phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing test in mice, and the Randall &
Selitto test in rats. Another useful art-known test is the rat adjuvant
arthritis test which is a useful model for assessing anti-inflammatory
activity, anti-arthritic and anti-resorptive activity in a chronic, rather
than an acute, model.
These and other appropriate tests for pharmacological activity are
disclosed and/or referred to in U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,666 issued to Moore on
Dec. 19, 1978; U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,656 issued Feb. 14, 1984 to Katsumi, et
al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,784 issued to Katsumi, et al. on Apr. 3, 1984;
Japanese Patent Application 85/54315 of Katsumi, et al., published Mar.
28, 1985; European Patent Application No. 0,059,090 of Yamanuchi
Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., published Sep. 1, 1982; Opas, E. V., R. J.
Bonney & J. L. Humes, "Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Synthesis in Mouse
Ears Inflamed by Arachadonic Acid", The Journal of Investigative
Dermatology, Vol. 84, No. 4 (1985), pp. 253-256; Swingle, K. F., R. L.
Bell & G.G.I. Moore, "Anti-inflammatory Activity of Antioxidants",
Anti-inflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs, Vol. III, Chapter 4, K. D.
Rainsford, ed., CRC Press, Inc., (1985), pp. 105-126; Adamkiewicz, V. W.,
W. B. Rice & J. D. McColl, "Antiphlogistic Effect of Trypsin in Normal and
in Adrenalectomized Rats", Canadian Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology,
Vol. 33 (1955), pp. 332-339; Sellye, H., "Further Studies Concerning the
Participation of the Adrenal Codex in the Pathogenesis of Arthritis",
British Medical Journal, Vol. 2 (1949), pp. 1129-1135; and Winter, C.A.,
E.A. Risley & G.W. Nuss, "Carrageenan-lnduced Edema in Hind Paw of the
Rats as an Assay for Anti-inflammatory Drugs" Proceedings of Society of
Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 111 (1962), pp. 544-547;
Otterness, I., & M. L. Bliven, "Laboratory Methods for Testing
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs", Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory
Drugs, Chapter 3, J. G. Lombardino, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1985),
pp. 111-252. Hitchens, J. T., S. Goldstein, L. Shemano & J. M. Beiler,
"Analgesic Effects of Irritants in Three Models of Experimentally-Induced
Pain", Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., Vol. 169, No. 2 (1967) pp. 384-393; Milne,
G. M. & T. M. Twomey, "The Analgetic Properties of Piroxicam in Animals
and Correlation with Experimentally Determined Plasma Levels", Agents and
Actions, Vol. 10, No. 1/2 (1980), pp. 31-37; Randall, L. O. & J. J.
Selitto, "A Method for Measurement of Analgesic Activity on Inflamed
Tissue", Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., Vol. 111, No. 4 (1957), pp. 409-419;
Winter, C. A. & L. Faltaker, "Nociceptive Thresholds as Affected by
Parenteral Administration of Irritants and of Various Antinociceptive
Drugs", J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., Vol. 148, No. 3 (1965), pp. 373-379; the
disclosure of all these references are incorporated herein by reference.
Many anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) cause undesirable gastrointestinal side effects, especially
when dosed perorally; such side effects may include ulcers and erosions.
These side effects, which are often asymptomatic, can become serious
enough to require hospitalization and can even be lethal. Compounds of the
subject invention generally cause fewer such gastrointestinal side effects
compared to other NSAIDs, even compared to many other di-tert-butylphenol
derivatives. Some compounds of the subject invention are even
gastroprotective, protecting the stomach from ulcers and erosions,
particularly those caused by ethanol or other NSAIDs.
Certain NSAIDs, including certain di-tert-butylphenol derivatives, when
dosed systemically, cause an undesirable increase in systemic levels of
certain liver enzymes. Compounds of the subject invention generally cause
little or no liver enzyme side effects.
Compounds useful in the subject invention can be made using the following
general reaction schemes:
##STR4##
A general method for the preparation of compounds with general structure
III, when Z is O is the cyclo-condensation reaction with hydroxyl amine of
an appropriate .beta.-chloroketone of general structure II. For example,
this reaction can be performed by slow treatment of an alcoholic solution
of the appropriate .beta.-chloroketone and hydroxylamine hydrohalide salt
with a stoichiometric amount of aqueous NaOH. Compounds of general
structure III, when Z is NH, can be prepared by cyclocondensation of
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones of general structure I with hydrazine.
For example, this reaction can be performed by heating an alcoholic
solution of an appropriate .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone and a
stoichiometric quantitity of hydrazine hydrate at temperatures between
30.degree. C. and 60.degree. C. If higher reaction temperatures are
desired, the reaction can be performed in a sealed flask. The necessary
.beta.-chloroketones and .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones are
conveniently prepared by Friedel-Crafts reaction of
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol with an appropriate .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated
acid chloride followed by exposure to excess hydrochloric acid, or by
aldol condensation of silylated 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone
with an appropriate ketone under the influence of TiCl.sub.4.
The following non-limiting examples provide further information regarding
synthesis of the subject compounds.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-isoxazole:
##STR5##
3-Chloro-1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-1-one. In a 12
L round bottom flask, equipped with internal thermometer, mechanical
stirrer, addition funnel and septum inlet, is placed a solution of
3,3-dimethylacryloylchloride (146 g, 1.23 mol) in CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (1000
mL). The stirred solution is cooled in a CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 -dry ice bath
to -10.degree. C., and then TiCl.sub.4 (1M in CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, 1476 mL,
1.47 mol, 1.2 eq) is added via canula at a rate such that the reaction
mixture does not warm above -5.degree. C. The solution is stirred for 10
min after addition is complete, and then a solution of
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (253.4 g, 1.23 mol, 1.0 eq) in CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2
(500 mL) is added dropwise via addition funnel. The rate of addition is
adjusted to maintain the reaction temperature below 0.degree. C. After
addition is complete, the cold bath is removed, and the mixture is allowed
to stir at ambient temperature for 4 h. TLC analysis (EtOAc:hexane, 1:9)
indicates the reaction to be complete. H.sub.2 O (2 L) is added carefully,
and the mixture is transferred to a 6 L extraction funnel. The organic
phase is separated, washed with additional H.sub.2 O (2.times.1000 mL),
dried over Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, filtered, and returned to the 12 L reaction
vessel. Ethereal HCl (1M, Aldrich, 2000 mL) is added. After stirring 2 h,
the solution is transferred to the 6 L separatory funnel, and washed with
H.sub.2 O (3.times.1 L). The organic phase is dried over Na.sub.2
SO.sub.4, filtered into a 10-L round bottom flask, and rotary evaported.
The residue is taken up in 1 L pentane, and kept at -4.degree. C.
overnight. The resulting crystalline solid is filtered off and dried to
give 3-chloro-1-(3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl )-3-methylbutan-1-one.
3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethylisoxazole. In
a 5 L round bottom flask, equipped with magnetic stirrer and Ar inlet is
placed a solution of (77.1 g, 0.24 mol)
3-chloro-1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-1one and
hydroxylamine hydrochloride (20.1 g, 0.28 mol) in EtOH (2.2 L). To the
stirred solution is added 2 N NaOH (119 mL,0.24 mol, 1.0 eq) dropwise over
15 min. A rapidly dissipating yellow color is observed on contact of the
two solutions. After addition is complete, the reaction is heated at
50.degree. C. The reaction is followed by TLC (EtOAc:hexane, 1:4). After 3
hr, approximately 50% conversion is achieved. The crude product is
precipitated by addition of H.sub.2 O (750 mL), and filtered. The filtrate
is set aside. A single recrystallization of the solids from hexane
provides 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyliso
xazole as a faint yellow solid. The H.sub.2 O/EtOH filtrate is concentrated
on a rotary evaporator to remove EtOH, and the resulting suspension is
extracted with CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (3.times.200 mL). The aqueous phase is
discarded, and the organic phase is dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, combined
with the hexane mother liquor from the above crystallization, and
evaporated to an oily solid. Crystallization from hexane produces
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)4,5dihydro-5,5-dimethylisoxazole as a
yellow solid slightly less pure than the first batch.
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1H-di-hydropyrazole:
##STR6##
A solution of 3-chloro-1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydro
xyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-1one (Example 1) (3.45 g, 10.1 mmol) and hydrazine
hydrate (0.8 mL, 14 mmol) in absolute EtOH (50 mL) is stirred at
50.degree. C. for 1 hr. Additional hydrazine hydrate (1 mL, 18 mmol) is
added in two equal portions over 2 hr. The reaction is followed by TLC
(hexane:EtOAC, 9:1) and is complete after stirring at 50.degree. C. for 18
hr. The solvent is evaporated leaving a yellow solid, which is
crystallized from EtOH:H.sub.2 O to yield 3-(3,
5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl )-5,5-dimethyl- 1 H-dihydropyrazole as
white prisms.
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1-methylsulfonyl-1H-dih
ydropyrazole:
##STR7##
To a stirred solution of 650 mg of
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1H-dihydropyrazole
(Example 2), 360 .mu.l of triethylamine, 50 mg of
N,N-dimethylaminopyridine in 20 ml of methylene chloride, cooled to
0.degree. C., is added 182 .mu.l of methanesulphonyl chloride. After
stirring at 0.degree. C. for 30 min the cooling bath is removed and the
mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The solvent is
evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by flash
chromatography (10% ethyl acetate in hexane) to give
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1-methylsulfonyl-1H-dih
ydropyrazole as a colorless solid.
EXAMPLE 4
Synthesis of 1
-carboxamido-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1H-dihydro
pyrazole:
##STR8##
To a stirred solution of 600 mg of
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5- dimethyl-1H-dihydropyrazole
(Example 2), in a mixture of 9 ml of acetic acid, 6.5 ml of
tetrahydrofuran and 18.6 ml of water at 35.degree. C., is added 260 mg of
potassium cyanate. After stirring at 35.degree. C. for 30 min the mixture
is stirred at 55.degree. C. for 5 hrs. The solvents are evaporated under
reduced pressure and the residue is taken up in 50 ml of methylene
chloride. The solution is washed 3 times with 15 ml of 0.1N aqueous sodium
hydroxide and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvents are evaporated and
the residue is purified by flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate in
hexane) to give
1-carboxamido-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)5,5-dimethyl-1H-dihydro
pyrazole as a colorless solid.
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dicyclopropyl-1H-dihydropyrazole
##STR9##
1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3-dicyclopropylprop2-en-1-one. A
stirred solution of 4 g of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone in 250
ml of dry methylene chloride is cooled to -78.degree. C. and 7.3 ml
di-iso-propyl ethylamine (i-Pr.sub.2 EtN) is added followed by 8.1 ml of
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulphonate (TMSOTf). The mixture is stirred
at -78.degree. C. for 10 minutes and is allowed to warm to ambient
temperature over 1 hour. The mixture is cooled again to -78.degree. C.,
and 3.6 ml of dicyclopropylketone is added followed by 32 ml of 1M titanum
tetrachloride solution in methylene chloride. After stirring for 1 hr, the
mixture is washed with 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid and the solvents are
removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 50 ml of
methanol-1N aqueous hydrochloric acid and stirred for 1 hr at room
temperature. The mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure and
partitioned between methylene chloride and water. The organic phase is
washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, brine and dried over sodium
sulphate. The solvents are evaporated and the residue is purified by flash
chromatography (10% ethyl acetate in hexane), and the product is
recrystallized from hexane to give
1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl-3,3-dicyclopropylprop-2-en-1-one as
an orange solid.
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxvphenyl )-5,5-dicyclopropyl-
1H-dihydropyrazole A pressure resistant glass container is charged with
350 mg of
1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3-dicyclopropylprop-2-en-1-one,
0.2 ml of hydrazine hydrate and 15 ml of ethanol. The container is closed
and the homogenous mixture is heated to 80.degree. C. for 15 hrs. The
solvents are evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is taken up
in methylene chloride, washed with water and dried over sodium sulphate.
The solvents are evaporated and the crude product is purified by
crystallization from hexane to give
3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dicyclopropyl-1H-dihydropyrazole
as a yellow solid.
Compositions
Compositions of the subject invention comprise a safe and effective amount
of the subject compounds, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. As
used herein, "safe and effective amount" means an amount of a compound
sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification in the
condition to be treated, but low enough to avoid serious side effects (at
a reasonable benefit/risk ratio), within the scope of sound medical
judgment. A safe and effective amount of a compound will vary with the
particular condition being treated, the age and physical condition of the
patient being treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the
treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy, the particular
pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier utilized, and like factors within the
knowledge and expertise of the attending physician.
Compositions of the subject invention preferably comprise from about 0.1%
to about 99.9% by weight of a compound, more preferably from about 20% to
about 80%, and most preferably from about 40% to about 70%.
In addition to the compound, the compositions of the subject invention
contain a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term
"pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier", as used herein, means one or more
compatible solid or liquid filler diluents or encapsulating substances
which are suitable for administration to a human or lower animal. The term
"compatible", as used herein, means that the components of the composition
are capable of being commingled with the subject compound, and with each
other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would
substantially reduce the pharmaceutical efficacy of the composition under
ordinary use situations. Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers must, of
course, be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to
render them suitable for administration to the human or lower animal being
treated.
Some examples of substances which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable
carriers or components thereof are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and
sucrose; starches, such as cornstarch and potato starch; cellulose and its
derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose,
cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid
lubricants, such as stearic acid, magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate;
vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil,
corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerin,
sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers,
such as the Tweens.RTM.; wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate;
coloring agents; flavoring agents, excipients; tableting agents;
stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonic
saline; and phosphate buffer solutions.
The choice of a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to be used in
conjunction with a subject compound is basically determined by the way the
compound is to be administered.
If the subject compound is to be injected, it is preferably injected
non-intravenously; the preferred pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier is
sterile, physiological saline, with blood compatible suspending agent, the
pH of which has been adjusted to about 7.4. Such injectable compositions
preferably comprise from about 1% to about 50% of the subject compound,
more preferably from about 5% to about 25%, also preferably from about 10
mg to about 600 mg of the subject compound per dose.
Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers for topical application
include those suited for use in lotions, creams, gels and the like.
Topical compositions preferably contain from about 1% to about 50% of an
emollient, more preferably from about 5% to about 25% of an emollient.
Such topical compositions preferably comprise from about 0.1% to about
50%, of the subject compound, more preferably from about 0.5% to about
10%, also preferably from about 5 mg to about 1000 mg per dose.
The preferred mode of administering the subject compound is perorally. The
preferred unit dosage form is therefore tablets, capsules and the like,
comprising a safe and effective amount of the compound, which is
preferably from about 5 mg to about 3500 mg, more preferably from about 10
mg to about 1000 mg, and most preferably from about 25 mg to about 600 mg.
Many of the subject compounds are hydrophobic. If it is desired to provide
an aqueous-based composition or a composition soluble in or miscible with
aqueous media, a solubilizing agent may be included in the composition.
Nonlimiting examples of such solubilizing agents include polyethylene
glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, and polyoxyethylene (35) castor oil.
Particularly preferred oral composition carriers suitable for compositions
of the subject invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,189,066 of Kelm
& Bruns, issued Feb. 23, 1993, entitled "Pharmaceutical Compositions of
Tebufelone", and 5,281,420 of Kelm & Dobrozsi, issued Jan. 25, 1994,
entitled "Solid Dispersion Compositions of Tebufelone", hereby
incorporated herein by reference.
Methods
Another aspect of the subject invention is methods for treating or
preventing diseases characterized by inflammation by administering a safe
and effective amount of a subject compound to a human or lower animal in
need of such treatment. The term "diseases characterized by inflammation",
as used herein, means conditions which are known to involve inflammation,
and may include conditions such as arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis,
osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, Reiter's
syndrome, infectious arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, systemic
lupus, erythematosus and gout), as well as the presence of inflammation
whether or not it is associated with an identifiable disease. Diseases
characterized by inflammation further may include inflammation in the oral
cavity (e.g., inflammation associated with gingivitis or periodontal
disease); inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, (e.g., inflammation
associated with ulcers and irritable bowel disease); inflammation
associated with dermatological diseases (e.g., psoriasis, acne, and other
skin inflammation); inflammation associated with the respiratory tract
(e.g., asthma, bronchitis, and allergies); and inflammation in the central
nervous system (e.g., Alzheimer's disease).
Another aspect of the subject invention is methods for treating or
preventing pain by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject
compound to a human or lower animal in need of such treatment. Pain which
can be treated or prevented by administering the subject compounds may
include peripheral pain, menstrual pain, dental pain, and lower back pain.
Another aspect of the subject invention is methods for protecting against
free radical damage resulting from oxidative stress and ischemic
conditions by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject
compound to a human or lower animal in need of such treatment. Such
treatment may include protecting against ischemic heart disease,
atherosclerosis, stroke, and ischemic cell damage of head.
Another aspect of the subject invention is methods for treating or
preventing gastric or duodenal ulcers or erosions by administering a safe
and effective amount of a subject compound to a human or lower animal in
need of such treatment. In particular, such ulcers or erosions caused by
ethanol or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be treated
and/or prevented by administration of preferred subject compounds.
Appropriate tests for determining the gastrointestinal safety or
gastroprotective properties of the subject compounds are known.
Methods for determining acute gastrointestinal safety are disclosed and/or
referred to in the following references: Unangst, P. C., G. P. Shrum, D.
T. Connor, R. D. Dyer, and D. J. Schrier, "Novel 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles and
1,2,4-Thiadiazoles as Dual 5-Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors",
J. Med. Chem., Vol. 35 (1992), pp. 3691-3698; and Segawa, Y, O. Ohya, T.
Abe, T. Omata, et al., "Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic
Effects and Gastrointestinal Toxicity of the New Anti-inflammatory Drug
N-{3- 3-(piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy!propyl}carbamoylmethylthio!ethyl
1-(p-chlorobenzoyl ) 5-Methoxy-2methyl-3indolylacetate",
Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res., Vol. 42 (1992), pp. 954-992. In the methods
disclosed therein, stomachs of the animals are typically examined two
hours after dosing a compound.
Methods for determining subchronic gastrointestinal safety are disclosed
and/or referred to in the following references: Melarange, R., C. Gentry,
et al., "Anti-inflammatory and Gastrointestinal Effects of Nabumetone or
Its Active Metabolite, 6-Methoxy-2-naphthylacetic Acid (6 MNA)", Dig. Dis.
Sci., Vol. 37 (1992), pp. 1847-1852; and Wong, S., S. J. Lee, et al.,
"Antiarthritic Profile of BF-389--A Novel Anti-inflammatory Agent With Low
Ulcerogenic Liability", Agents Actions, Vol. 37 (1992), pp. 90-91.
Methods for determining acute gastroprotection are disclosed and/or
referred to in the following reference: Playford, R. J., D. A. Versey, S.
Haldane, M. R. Alison, and J. Calan, "Dose-dependent Effects of Fentanyl
on Indometharininduced Gastric Damage", Digestion, Vol. 49 (1991 ), pp.
198-203. In the method disclosed therein, female Lewis rats (130-175 g)
are dosed perorally with the subject compound (40 mg/kg b.i.d.) or vehicle
at 2 hours and immediately before administration of a gastric damaging
dose of indomethacin. The rats are sacrificed 4 hours later by CO.sub.2
asphyxiation. Gastric corpus damage (millimeters of hemorrhagic lesions)
is measured by digitized imaging.
The preferred mode of administration of the subject compounds is peroral,
but other known methods of administration are contemplated as well, e.g.,
dermatomucosally (for example, dermally, rectally and the like), and
parenterally (for example, by subcutaneous injection, intramuscular
injection, intraarticular injection, intravenous injection and the like).
Ocular administration and inhalation are also included. Thus specific
modes of administration include, without limitation, peroral, transdermal,
mucosal, sublingual, intranasal, intramuscular, intravenous,
intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and topical administration.
Preferred doses of the subject compounds range from about 0.2 mg/kg to
about 70 mg/kg, more preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 12 mg/kg.
Preferred injectable doses comprise from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg
of the subject compound. Preferred topical doses comprise from about 1
mg/cm.sup.2 to about 200 mg/cm.sup.2 of the subject compound applied to
the skin surface. Preferred peroral doses comprise from about 0.5 mg/kg to
about 50 mg/kg, more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, more
preferably still from about 2 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, of the subject
compound. Such doses are preferably administered from about once to about
six times daily, more preferably from about twice to about four times
daily. Such daily doses are preferably administered for at least one week,
also preferably for at least two weeks, also preferably at least one
month, also preferably for at least 2 months, also preferably for at least
6 months, 1 year, 2 years, or more.
The following non-limiting examples illustrate the subject invention.
Example A
Pharmaceutical compositions in the form of tablets are prepared by
conventional methods, such as mixing and direct compaction, formulated as
follows:
______________________________________
Ingredient Quantity (mg per tablet)
______________________________________
Compound 1 200
Microcrystalline Cellulose
100
Sodium Starch Glycollate
30
Magnesium Stearate
3
______________________________________
When administered orally two times daily, the above composition
significantly reduces the inflammation in a patient suffering from
rheumatoid arthritis. A significant benefit is also achieved by twice
daily administration of this composition to a patient suffering from
osteoarthritis.
Example B
A pharmaceutical composition in capsule form is prepared by conventional
methods, formulated as follows:
______________________________________
Ingredient Quantity (mg per capsule)
______________________________________
Compound 5 200
Lactose To fill to volume of capsule
______________________________________
The above capsule administered orally once a day substantially reduces the
symptomology of a patient afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis or
osteoarthritis.
Example C
A pharmaceutical composition in liquid form is prepared by conventional
methods, formulated as follows:
______________________________________
Ingredient Quantity
______________________________________
Compound 2 200 mg
EtOH 4 ml
Methyl cellulose 0.4 mg
Distilled water 76 ml
Tween 80 1.6 ml
______________________________________
50 ml of the above composition administered perorally once a day
substantially reduces the symptoms of a patient afflicted with rheumatoid
arthritis or osteoarthritis.
Example D
A pharmaceutical composition in liquid form is prepared by conventional
methods, formulated as follows:
______________________________________
Ingredient Quantity
______________________________________
Microcrystalline (micronized)
200 mg
Compound 3
Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose)
50 mg
Tween 80 1.6 ml
Methyl cellulose 0.4 mg
Deionized water 80 ml
______________________________________
100 ml of the above composition administered perorally twice a day
substantially reduces the symptoms of a patient afflicted with rheumatoid
arthritis or osteoarthritis.
While particular embodiments of the subject invention have been described,
it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and
modifications to the compositions disclosed herein can be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended to
cover, in the appended claims, all such modifications that are within the
scope of this invention.
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