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United States Patent |
5,182,433
|
Sakamoto
,   et al.
|
January 26, 1993
|
Method of laser quenching
Abstract
A method of laser transformation hardening adapted to irradiate a laser
beam in a sense of P polarization on a work piece at an angle of incidence
to a surface of the work piece of 60.degree. or more which comprises steps
of: forming a plurality of triangular ridges on a horizontal plane
adjacent to a surface of the work piece, having a first plurality of
inclined surfaces inclined at a first angle to the horizontal plane and a
second plurality of inclined surfaces inclined at a second angle to the
horizontal plane, the first angle being smaller than the second angle; and
irradiating the laser on the work piece at the angle of incidence to the
surface of the work piece of 65.degree. to 70.degree. from a direction on
the side of the second plurality of inclined surface.
Inventors:
|
Sakamoto; Hiroki (Yokosuka, JP);
Matsuyama; Hidenobu (Yokosuka, JP);
Shibata; Kimihiro (Yokosuka, JP)
|
Assignee:
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Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP)
|
Appl. No.:
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780500 |
Filed:
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October 22, 1991 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S. Class: |
219/121.85; 219/121.78 |
Intern'l Class: |
B23K 026/00 |
Field of Search: |
219/121.6,121.85,121.78
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4304978 | Dec., 1981 | Saunders | 219/121.
|
4370540 | Jan., 1983 | Davis et al. | 219/121.
|
4507538 | Mar., 1985 | Brown et al. | 219/121.
|
4686349 | Aug., 1987 | Kawazu et al. | 219/121.
|
4739148 | Apr., 1988 | Kawazu et al. | 219/121.
|
5073212 | Dec., 1991 | Frohlich | 148/152.
|
Primary Examiner: Albritton; C. L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of laser transformation hardening adapted to irradiate a laser
beam in a sense of P polarization on a work piece at an angle of incidence
to a surface of the work piece of 60.degree. or more which comprises steps
of:
forming a plurality of triangular ridges on a horizontal plane adjacent to
a surface of the work piece, having a first plurality of inclined surfaces
inclined at a first angle to the horizontal plane and a second plurality
of inclined surfaces inclined at a second angle to the horizontal plane,
the first angle being smaller than the second angle; and
irradiating the laser on the work piece at the angle of incidence to the
surface of the work piece of 65.degree. to 70.degree. from a direction on
the side of the second plurality of inclined surface.
2. The method of laser transformation hardening according to claim 1,
wherein the first angle is 8.degree. to 12.degree., and the second angle
is 28.degree. to 36.degree. and a height of the plurality of triangular
ridges is 8 to 30 .mu.m, whereby a pitch between the plurality of
triangular ridges is 50 to 270 .mu.m.
3. The method of laser transformation hardening according to claim 2,
wherein the angle of incidence is 65.degree. to 68.degree..
4. The method of laser transformation hardening according to claim 1 or
claim 2, wherein the surface of the work piece is irradiated by a laser
having an output of 1,850 W and a velocity of irradiation of 1.0 m/min.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of laser transformation hardening which
is utilized in quenching surface of a work piece for improving the
property thereof.
2. Discussion of Background
Generally speaking, the absorption coefficient of a metallic material as an
object of laser beam machining, is small. Therefore, conventionally, it
has been a big problem how to transfer energy of irradiated laser beam to
a work piece efficiently, to thereby elevate temperature of the work
piece.
This is not exceptional in laser transformation hardening. A method is
adopted in which the laser beam is irradiated on the work piece,
generally, after a pretreatment is performed such as painting of an
absorber on the surface of the work piece, to improve the absorption
coefficient of the laser beam on the surface of the work piece. However,
in this method, steps of painting and removing the absorber are required.
The absorption coefficient of the laser beam depends on an angle of
incidence of the laser beam with respect to the work piece. It is known
that the absorption coefficient has its maximum value at Brewster angle
inherent in respective material and the wave length of the laser beam.
This is called Brewster effect. It is possible to promote the absorption
coefficient of the laser beam by utilizing this effect without applying a
coating of the absorber on the surface of the work piece.
FIG. 5 shows the dependency of the absorption coefficient on the angle of
incidence of a carbon dioxide laser beam with respect to a ferrous
material having considerably smooth surface. The bold line shows the
absorption coefficient of the carbon dioxide laser beam when the laser
beam is incident on the material in P polarization, and the broken line
shows the absorption coefficient when the laser beam is incident on the
material in S polarization.
As shown in FIG. 5, the absorption coefficient in P polarization has its
maximum value at around the angle of incidence of 85.degree., when the
laser beam is incident on the material in P polarization. The maximum
value is more than 10 times as much as the absorption coefficient when the
laser beam is transmitted from right above.
FIG. 3 shows that a laser transformation hardening is performed on a
ferrous material utilizing Brewster effect. FIG. 4 is a magnified diagram
of the essential part in FIG. 3.
In FIGS. 3 and 4, a notation 1 designates a ferrous material test piece
which is a work piece, 2, a laser beam, 3, a quench-hardened layer,
.theta., an angle of incidence of the laser beam 2, and S, a horizontal
plane of the work piece.
As shown in FIG. 4, the surface profile of the work piece which is observed
microscopically, is a random irregularity. Therefore it is known by
experiment that the angle of incidence .theta. which maximizes the
absorption coefficient of the laser beam 2, is around 79.degree. which is
a little lower than the theoretical value.
However, in the conventional method of laser transformation hardening, it
is required to position the work piece to be inclined at almost in the
neighborhood of 90.degree. with respect to the incident beam. Therefore
the irradiated position of the laser beam is considerably deviated by a
slight positional deviation of the work piece, which causes the positional
deviation of the laser beam.
Furthermore, by the similar cause, the beam shape on the surface of the
work piece is considerably changed by the slight deviation of the angle of
inclination of the work piece, and the power density of the laser beam is
also changed. Therefore it is quite difficult to maintain constant the
condition of irradiation, and accordingly the stable laser beam machining
can not be performed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to solve the above problems such
as positional deviation of the laser beam or the change of the power
density due to the change of the beam shape.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of laser
transformation hardening capable of stabilizing laser transformation
hardening operation, by making an optimum angle of incidence of the laser
beam smaller than the conventional one and thereby making the allowable
range of the deviation of the angle of incidence as large as possible.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method
of laser transformation hardening adapted to irradiate a laser beam in a
sense of P polarization on a work piece at an angle of incidence to a
surface of the work piece of 60.degree. or more which comprises steps of:
forming a plurality of triangular ridges on a horizontal plane adjacent to
a surface of the work piece, having a first plurality of inclined surfaces
inclined at a first angle to the horizontal plane and a second plurality
of inclined surfaces inclined at a second angle to the horizontal plane,
the first angle being smaller than the second angle; and
irradiating the laser on the work piece at the angle of incidence to the
surface of the work piece of 65.degree. to 70.degree. from a direction on
the side of the second plurality of inclined surface.
In this method of laser transformation hardening the first angle is
desirable to be 8.degree. to 12.degree., and the second angle is desirable
to be 28.degree. to 36.degree. and a height of the plurality of triangular
ridges is desirable to be 8 to 30 .mu.m, whereby a pitch between the
plurality of triangular ridges is 50 to 270 .mu.m.
The reason that the angles of inclination of the inclined surfaces of the
triangular ridges formed on the surface of the work piece, are specified
in the above ranges, is as follows.
When the angles of inclination are smaller than the above values, the
obtained effect becomes small. On the other hand, when the angles of
inclination are larger than the above values, the ratio of a shadow part
of surface in which the laser beam is not irradiated, becomes large, which
causes the lowering of the absorption coefficient.
On the other hand, the lower limit of the height of the ridges is
determined to be 8 .mu.m. When the lower limit is smaller than 8 .mu.m,
clear difference between the invented method of laser transformation
hardening and the conventional one can not be obtained by diffraction
effect of the laser beam. The upper limit of the height of the ridges is
determined to be 30 .mu.m. When it is larger than 30 .mu.m, the surface
roughness of the work piece is enlarged, which necessitates the
post-machining of the work piece after the laser transformation hardening.
The range of the pitch of the ridges is determined to be in the above range
by specifying the height of the ridges and the angles of inclination.
Since the invented method of laser transformation hardening is constructed
as above, the optimum angle of incidence of the laser beam becomes an
angle smaller than the conventional one and the allowable range of the
deviation of the angle of inclination is enlarged. Therefore disadvantage
such as the positional deviation of the laser beam or the change of the
power density due to the change of the beam shape is alleviated, and the
laser transformation hardening operation is stabilized.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant
advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better
understood by reference to the following detailed description when
considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a method of laser
transformation hardening according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relationship between an angle of incidence of
the laser beam and a hardening depth of material in cases of the invented
method of laser transformation hardening and the conventional method of
laser transformation hardening;
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing how the laser transformation
hardening is performed on a ferrous material utilizing Brewster effect;
FIG. 4 is a magnified diagram showing an essential part of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing dependency of absorption
coefficient on an angle of incidence of a carbon dioxide laser beam on a
ferrous material having considerably smooth surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the followings, explanation will be given to embodiments of the method
of laser transformation hardening according to the present invention,
based on the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a magnified diagram of the essential part of FIG. 3 which shows
the performance of the laser transformation hardening on the ferrous
material utilizing Brewster effect, when the present invention is applied.
FIG. 1 corresponds with FIG. 4 in the conventional case. Similar to FIG.
4, a notation 1 designates a ferrous material test piece which is a work
piece, 2, a laser beam, .theta., an angle of incidence of the laser beam
2, and S, a horizontal plane of the work piece.
FIG. 1 exemplifies the case in which the angle of incidence .theta. of the
laser beam 2 is set to 70.degree.. A notation 4 in FIG. 1 designates an
inclined surface formed with an angle of inclination .alpha. of 10.degree.
with respect to the horizontal plane S of the work piece, 5, an inclined
surface formed with an angle of inclination .beta. of 30.degree. with
respect to the horizontal plane S of the work piece, and 6, a triangular
ridge.
As shown in this embodiment, the angle of incidence .theta. of the laser
beam 2 is set to 70.degree. with respect to the horizontal plane S of the
work piece, and the laser beam 2 is irradiated on the work piece from the
direction on the side of the inclined surface 5 which has a larger angle
of inclination. In this case, the actual angle of incidence of the laser
beam on the inclined surface 4 formed with an angle of inclination .alpha.
of 10.degree. with respect to the horizontal plane S of the work piece,
becomes 80.degree., and the actual angle of incidence of the laser beam on
the inclined surface 5 formed with an angle of inclination .beta. of
30.degree., becomes 40.degree..
As a result, the absorption coefficient of the laser beam 2 on the inclined
surface 5 is decreased. However, the laser beam is irradiated on the
inclined surface 4 with an angle of incidence in which the absorption
coefficient of the laser beam 2 is increased. Therefore, in total, the
absorption coefficient which is equal to or higher than the one in the
conventional method, can be obtained by the angle of incidence .theta. of
the laser beam 2 which is smaller than that in the conventional method.
FIG. 2 exemplifies the relationship between the angle of incidence and the
hardening depth of the material when laser transformation hardening is
performed on a low carbon steel by the invented method of laser
transformation hardening and by the conventional method of laser
transformation hardening. The bold line shows the case by the invented
method and the broken line shows the case by the conventional method.
In this case, the output of laser is 1,850 W and the velocity of
irradiation of the laser beam 2 is 1.0 m/min.
As apparent in FIG. 2, in this invented method, the optimum angle of
irradiation is decreased by about 13.degree. compared with the
conventional method, and a larger hardening depth is obtained. Furthermore
the range of the angle of the incidence in which an effective hardening
depth is obtained, is enlarged to more than 1.5 times as much as that in
the conventional method.
A more excellent effect is obtained for the present invention in the range
of angle of incidence of 65.degree. to 68.degree..
As is explained above, according to the present invention, the triangular
ridges which have the inclined surfaces with the angle of inclination with
respect to the horizontal plane of the work piece of 8.degree. to
12.degree., and the inclined surfaces with the angle of inclination of
28.degree. to 36.degree. and the height thereof h (refer to FIG. 1) of 8
to 30 .mu.m in the pitch thereof of 50 to 270 .mu.m, are formed on the
surface of the work piece. The laser beam is irradiated on the work piece
with an angle of incidence of 65.degree. to 70.degree. with respect to the
horizontal plane of the work piece from the side of the inclined surfaces
which have a larger angle of inclination. Therefore the optimum angle of
incidence of the laser beam can be made smaller than the conventional one.
As a result, it becomes possible to considerably decrease the positional
deviation of the laser beam on the surface of the work piece and the
change of the power density due to the change of the beam shape.
Accordingly this invention has a considerably excellent effect which
enables the stabilized laser transformation hardening.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention
are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be
understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may
be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
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