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United States Patent |
5,171,351
|
Yamamoto
,   et al.
|
December 15, 1992
|
Preservative for plants comprising epoxy compounds
Abstract
A preservative for plants is described whose active ingredient(s) are the
compounds selected from the group consisting of olefin compounds and salts
and esters thereof, N-(20chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas, dipicolnic acid and
derivatives and salts thereof, epoxy compounds and salts and esters
thereof, and SH-reagents. The preservative is usable for keeping the
freshness of plants, in particular fruits, vegetables and cut flowers, and
cut flowers for a long period of time.
Inventors:
|
Yamamoto; Kazuhiro (Tokyo, JP);
Yoshioka; Noriko (Tokyo, JP);
Furukawa; Tadayasu (Chesterfield, MO)
|
Assignee:
|
Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. (Tokyo, JP)
|
Appl. No.:
|
831262 |
Filed:
|
January 28, 1992 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
| Apr 10, 1989[JP] | 1-90379 |
| Aug 15, 1989[JP] | 1-209666 |
Current U.S. Class: |
504/114; 549/217; 549/512 |
Intern'l Class: |
A01N 003/00; A01N 043/20; A01N 057/12; C07D 303/02 |
Field of Search: |
71/88,68,86
549/217
|
References Cited
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3584014 | Jun., 1971 | Firestone et al. | 549/217.
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3929448 | Dec., 1975 | Brantley | 71/68.
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4301185 | Nov., 1981 | Schnell | 426/546.
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4614659 | Sep., 1986 | Liu | 426/321.
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4710388 | Dec., 1987 | Liu | 426/102.
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4810512 | Mar., 1989 | Kratky | 426/270.
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1527376 | Oct., 1978 | GB.
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8802602 | Apr., 1988 | WO.
| |
Other References
Samejima et al., 1972, "Stabilization of Oils and Fats", Chemical Abstracts
77(3):418, Abstract #18427u.
Dictionary of Organic Compounds, 5th ed., vol. 3 at p. 2903.
Beuchat and Golden, 1989, Antimicrobials Occuring Naturally in Food, Food
Technology 43(1):at p. 140.
Mei, et al., 1989, Green Preservation Effects of 4PU-30 on Rice Leaves.
Chemical Abstracts 110(23):279, Abstract #207726b.
Liev, et al., 1985, Influence of Some Purine and Phenylurea Cytokinins and
Atrazine on the Photochemical and Photosynthetic Activity in Aging Radish
Leaves. Acta Univ. Agric., Fac. Agron. 33(3):449-451.
Forney, et al., 1982, Effects of Amino and Sulfhydryl Reactive Agents on
Respiration and Ethylene Production in Tomato and Apple Fruit Discs.
Physiol. Plant. 54:329-332.
Tochikubo, et al., 1967, Properties of Glucose Dehydrogenase from
Vegetative Cells of Bacillus subtilis and the Effect of Dipicolinic Acid
and its Chemical Analogues on the Enzyme. Japan J. Microbiol.
12(4):435-440.
Tabachnik-Ma'ayan and Fuchs, 1982, Free Sulfhydryl Groups in Ripening
Fruits. Plant and Cell Physiol. 23(8):1309-1314.
Fields, M. L., 1973, Effect of Dipicolinate on Vegetative Cells of
Bacillus. J. of Food Science 38:1166-1169.
Rao, et al., 1978, Prolonging Storage Life of Betal Leaves. Chemical
Abstracts 88(7):167, Abstract #46245d.
Frenkel, C., 1976, Role of Auxin in the Hormonal Regulation of Fruit
Ripening. Chemical Abstracts 84(8):119, Abstract #1163b.
Sisler, et al., 1985, Physiol. Plant 63:114-120.
Sisler and Yang, 1984, Phytochemistry 23(12):2765-2768.
Frenkel, 1976, Bot. Gazette 137(2):154-159.
Pressman & Palevitch, 1973, HortScience 8(6):496-497.
Glamkowski, et al., 1970, J. Org. Chem. 35(10):3510-3512.
Kuraishi, et al., 1966, Plant and Cell Physiol. 7:705-706.
Richmond and Lang, 1957, Science 125:650-651.
Kiyoshi, O., 1987, Sizuoka University, Ann. Rpt. Farm Product Dist. Tech.,
pp. 110-112.
|
Primary Examiner: Raymond; Richard L.
Assistant Examiner: Clardy; Mark
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Pennie & Edmonds
Parent Case Text
This is division, of application Ser. No. 07/507,332 filed Apr. 10, 1990,
currently U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,380, incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for maintaining the freshness of plants or plant parts which
comprises treating the plant or plant part with a preservative containing
a compound selected from the group consisting of epoxy compounds
represented by the general formula (III), and salts and esters thereof:
##STR4##
wherein R.sub.5 stands for an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms,
sulfo, phosphono, or hydroxyphenyl group, and R.sub.6 stands for a
carboxyl, sulfo, phosphono, or hydroxyphenyl group, as an active
ingredient.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said plant part is a fruit, a
vegetable, a leaf, a branch, a flower, a root or a stem.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said epoxy compound is
phosphonomycin or a salt thereof.
4. The method according to claim 3, in which the plant part is a cut
flower.
5. The method according to claim 4, in which the cut flower is a rose.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plant or plant part is a
harvested plant or plant part which has been severed from its natural
growing environment and in which the plant or plant part is treated by
contacting the severed portion thereof with the preservative.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a preservative for plants, in particular
fruits and vegetables, cut flowers, etc. after being harvested.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Known conventional active ingredient(s) for keeping freshness of fruits and
vegetables after being harvested include, as active ingredient(s) intended
for keeping freshness of fruits and vegetables in general, e.g. organic or
inorganic germanium (Patent Appln. Disclosure No. 293,338/86), biochemical
energy source substances, such as sugar phosphate, amino acid phosphate,
amidophosphate, hydroxy acid phosphate, adenosine phosphate, guanosine
phosphate, creatine phosphate, etc. (JP-A-257,371/87), kojic acid
(JP-A-198,372/87), extracts from Chlorella with hot water, and tocopherol
and/or lecithin (JP-A-171,641/87), oligosaccharides (JP-A-214,120/88),
vitamin C, salts of vitamin C and/or esters of vitamin C, and gallic acid,
or its derivatives (JP-A-22,138/88) and, as active ingredient(s) intended
for foods containing fruits and vegetables, lysozyme, ascorbic acid,
glucose, and glucose oxidase (JP-A-143,672/87), chitin oligosaccharides,
N-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, salts of glucosamine and salts of
chitosan (JP-A-39,569/88), hinokithiol included with cyclodextrin
(JP-A-240,765/88), hexose phosphate ferrous salt, or divalent iron
compound and hexose phosphate (JP-A-251,073/88) and, as active principles
intended for fruits in general, calcium acetate and calcium lactate and/or
sodium acetate (JP-A-143,635/87) and coffee bean cakes (JP-A-133,938/88)
and, as active principles intended for strawberry, organic acids, such as
malic acid, tartaric acid, etc. and lactose, sucrose, etc.
(JP-A-41,255/77) and, as active principles intended for pear, basic amino
acids and vitamin C (Japanese Patent Publication No. 6,341/80) and, as an
active principle intended for pineapple, gibberellin (JP-A-231,944/86).
On the other hand, known active principles for keeping freshness of cut
flowers include, e.g. silver thiosulfate, aluminum sulfate,
8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, sugar, etc. (Nosanbutsu Ryutsu Gijyutsu Nenpo
(Annual Report of Distribution Techniques for Agricultural Products), pp.
110-112 (1987)) and, as active principles intended for rose, metabolic
sugars and phosphonic acids (JP-A-61,401/89), di-or trivalent basic
organic carboxylic acids, and alkali salts thereof (JP-A-131,847/74),
kinetin and 6-benzyladenine, which are a substance possessing a cytokinin
activity (Science, 125 650-651, 1957, Plant & Cell Physiology 7 705-706,
1966, Hortscience 8 496-497, 1973), antiseptic/disinfectant (boric acid,
chloride of lime, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, sorbic acid, dehydroacetic
acid, propionic acid, isocyanuric acid, chlorous acid, hypochlorous acid,
paraoxybenzoic acid, and esters thereof, lauryl trimethyl
ammonium-2,4,5-trichloro-carbonilide, tribromosalicylateanilide,
3,4,4'-trichlorocarbonilide, hexachlorophene, bithionol, chloramine T,
chloramine B halazon, etc.), nitrogen-containing compounds (urea, ammonium
sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbamate, guanidine, alanine,
glycine, chlorophyll, sodium nitrilo triacetate, etc.),
phosphorus-containing compounds (polyphosphates, such as sodium
tripolyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate etc., and orthophosphate salts,
such as monobasic sodium, monobasic potassium, monoammonium and dibasic
sodium, dibasic potassium, and diammonium hydrogen phosphates, etc.),
surface-active agents (anionic, cationic, or nonionic surface-active
agents), inorganic builders (sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate,
ammonium carbonate, potassium sulfate, etc.), organic builders (citric
acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and gluconic acid and
sodium salts thereof, potassium salts thereof, ammonium salts thereof,
etc.), solvents (monovalent or polyvalent lower alcohols, such as ethanol,
propylene glycol, glycerol, etc.) (JP-A-24,750/74),
2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (JP-A-98,001/84), ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid,
tryptophan, and thiourea (USP 3,320,046), kojic acid (JP-A-198,372/87),
polylysine or its salts (JP-A-169,701/87), gallic acid or its derivatives
(JP-A-22,138/88), and coffee bean cakes (JP-A-133,938/88).
At present, as preservatives for cut flowers, there is also customarily
employed the preservative whose active ingredient(s) is silver
thiosulfate. However, the problem of environmental pollution is worrisome,
because silver included in the agents is a heavy metal. In addition,
flowers to which the agents are effectively applied are limited to some
types of flowers, such as carnation. Therefore, recently the development
of a preservative demonstrating general effects which does not contain
heavy metals has been desired.
There is known a case where cis-propenylphosphonic acid was employed as a
synthetic precursor of phosphomycin which is one of antibiotics (J. of
Organic Chemistry 35 3510-3512, 1970). In addition, it is a known case
that 2,5-norbornadiene and cis-2-butene which are structural analogues of
the cis-olefin compounds represented by the general formula (I) were used
as materials for the study on plant-aging (Phytochemistry 23 2765-2768,
1984, PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 63 114-120, 1985). These compounds are in the
form of gas at normal temperature under normal pressure, so that they are
not practical.
The N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas represented by the general formula (II)
were developed as a synthetic plant hormone having a cytokinin activity
and are known to show an excellent effect as a plant growth regulator
(Patent Publication No. 16,104/82). In the past and present, these
substances have been employed as agricultural chemicals for agriculture as
well as gardening. Phosphomycin, one of the epoxy compounds represented by
the general formula (III), is known in general as an antibiotic (Science,
166, 122, 1969), and already available on the market.
Dipicolinic acid and its derivatives have been employed as, e.g. a
leaf-falling promoter (Patent Publication No. 44,858/73).
The object of the present invention provides preservative which show the
excellent effects on plants after being harvested.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a preservative for plants wherein active
ingredients(s) are the compounds selected from the group consisting of
olefin compounds represented by the general formula (I), or salts or
esters thereof:
##STR1##
wherein R.sub.1 stands for an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms,
sulfo, phosphono, or hydroxyphenyl group, R.sub.2 stands for a carboxyl,
sulfo, phosphono, or hydroxyphenyl group, and n stands for an integer of 0
to 3, and from the group consisting of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas
represented by the general formula (II):
##STR2##
wherein R.sub.3 stands for a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R.sub.4
stands for an unsubstituted aromatic group, or an aromatic group
substituted by a lower alkyl group, lower alkoxy, or hydroxy group or a
halogen atom, and X stands for an oxygen or sulfur atom,
and from the group consisting of dipicolinic acid, or its derivatives and
salts, and epoxy compounds represented by the general formula (III), and
salts and esters thereof:
##STR3##
wherein R.sub.5 stands for the same as R.sub.1, and R.sub.6 stands for the
same as R.sub.2,
and SH-reagents including, but not limited to:
N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid,
p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid, iodoacetic acid, and
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), etc.
According to the present invention, the freshness of freshly harvested
fruits, vegetables, and portions of plants such as leaves, branches, cut
flowers and the like can be maintained for periods of time greater than
heretofore possible by treating the fruits, vegetables and the portions of
plants with the preservatives described above.
For example, the treatment of vegetables such as broccoli with the
preservatives can delay yellowing of the vegetables.
The treatment of cut flowers such as carnation and rose can prolong the
life of flowers and can retard withering and wilting. Particularly, the
treatment of rose can delay flower opening which results in the prolonging
of the life.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the changes of weights of cut flowers tested in Examples
8 and 9, respectively, against the number of days.
FIG. 3 is a figure wherein the change of the stage in the flower opening of
cut rose flowers is expressed by numerical symbols, and
FIG. 4 shows the change of the stage in the flower opening of cut flowers
tested in Example 11 against the number of days,
FIG. 5 shows the change of the weight % of cut flowers tested in Example 11
water uptake,
FIG. 6 shows the change of the water uptake (g/cut flower weight-g) by cut
flowers tested in Example 11 against the number of days,
FIG. 7 shows the change of the stage in the flower opening of cut flowers
tested in Example 12 against the number of days,
FIG. 8 shows the change of weight % of cut flowers tested in Example 12
against the number of days,
FIG. 9 shows the change of water uptake (g/cut flower weight-g) by cut
flowers tested in Example 12 against the number of days,
FIG. 10 shows the change of the stage in the flower opening of cut flowers
tested in Example 13 against the number of days,
FIG. 11 shows the change of the stage in the flower opening of cut flowers
tested in Example 14 against the number of days, and
FIG. 12 shows the change of the weight % of cut flowers tested in Example
15 against the number of days.
FIG. 13 shows changes of the stage in the flower opening of cut flowers
tested in the Example 15.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The olefin compounds represented by the general formula (I) include
crotonic acid, propenyl-1-sulfonic acid, propenyl-1-phosphonic acid,
propenylphenol, 2-butenylphosphonic acid, 1-butenylphosphonic acid,
1-pentenylphonic acid, 1,2-diphosphonoethylene, propenyl-1,3-diphosphonic
acid. These compounds include cis-form, trans-form and their mixture, and
any of which can be used. In particular, cis-propenylphosphonic acid is
preferred. There can be also used the alkali metal salts (sodium salts,
potassium salts, etc.) or alkyl esters (methyl esters, ethyl esters, etc.)
of the compounds represented by the general formula (I).
The N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas represented by the general formula (II)
include N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea,
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-(m-chlorophenyl)urea,
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-(o-methylphenyl)urea, etc. Particularly,
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea is preferable.
Derivatives of dipicolinic acid wherein the positions of two carboxyl
groups are different include pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, and
pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. In addition, their alkali salts (sodium
salts, potassium salts, etc.) can be used. Epoxy compounds represented by
the general formula (III) include phosphomycin.
The SH-reagents include N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid,
p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid, iodoacetic acid, and 5,5'-dithiobis
(2-nitrobenzoic acid).
The preservative whose active ingredient(s) is a SH-reagent can be employed
for cut flowers in particular.
All of the above-described active ingredient(s) are known compounds, and
are in the form of a solid at normal temperature under normal pressure.
For example, cis-propenylphosphonic acid represented by the general
formula (I) is disclosed in JP-A-40,629/80 and in JP-A-52,299/83, and the
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas represented by the general formula (II) are
disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 16,104/82. Both the
dipicolinic acid and the SH-reagents are commercially available as a
reagent.
These active ingredient(s) are employed in the form of a solution of
various concentrations. Each of the concentration is not particularly
limited since its optimum concentration differs depending on a type of
plants to which the preservation is to be applied.
The concentration of olefin compounds represented by the formula (I), or
salts thereof or esters thereof in a solution is in the range of 0.001 to
5 weight %. It is preferred that the concentration used is in the range of
0.1 to 2 weight % for application to fruits and vegetables, and 0.01 to 1
weight % for application to cut flowers. The used concentration of
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)ureas represented by the general formula (II) in a
solution is in the range of 0.01 to 50 ppm, preferably 1 to 10 ppm for
fruits and vegetables, and 0.1 to 10 ppm for cut flowers.
The concentration of dipicolinic acid or its derivatives used in a solution
is in the range of 0.001 to 1 weight %, preferably 0.01 to 0.5 weight %.
The concentration of the epoxy compounds represented by the general
formula (III) and salts and esters thereof in the solution is in the range
of 0.001 to 5 weight %, preferably between 0.1 and 2 weight % for
application to fruits and vegetables and between 0.01 and 1 weight % for
application to cut flowers. The SH-reagent solution is used in the range
of 1 to 1,000 ppm, preferably 5 to 50 ppm, in concentration.
The compounds can be used by being dissolved in a solvent, such as water,
alcohols, etc., that can dissolve the compounds. It is preferred that they
are used in the form of an aqueous solution.
As plants to which the preservatives of the present invention can be
applied, fruits and vegetables include cabbage, lettuce, broccoli,
asparagus, spinach, bean sprouts, burdock, spring chrysanthemum, corn,
carrot, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, bamboo shoot, parsely, broad bean,
celery, green pepper, turnip, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, mushrooms,
champignon, kabosu (Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka), sudachi, apple, pear,
tangerine, strawberry, peach, pineapple, banana, grape, melon, avocado,
etc. and cut flowers and potted plants include carnation, sweetpea,
gypsophila, gerbera, rose, chrysanthemum, lily, stock, statice, gentian,
gladiolus, Turkish bellflower, tulip, orchid, etc.
The preservatives of the present invention are preferably employed in the
form of aqueous solution. The aqueous solution may be supplied to the
plants by any convenient method such as spraying, immersing or drenching
so long as the major portion of the plant.
A typical example of the treatment is immersion of the plant for one hour
or more.
The preservatives of the present invention may also be used in powder or
solid form. The powder or solid can be scattered on the plant or can put
into a vase in which flowers are arranged.
The treatment of fruits or vegetables is usually carried out by immersing
the same in a liquid form of preservative for 1 to 20 hours.
In a range so as not to spoil effects of the above-described active
ingredient(s), other known preservatives can be added therein as necessary
for use.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Effect of preservative on yellowing of broccoli
Commercial broccoli was cut into 5 to 10 g small pieces. With buds facing
down, 5 pieces were put in each of a 1 liter-beakers respectively
containing 200 ml each of a 0.1 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic
acid solution (test group 1); a 1 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic
acid solution (test group 2); and tap water (control group 1), followed by
being immersed therein for 1 hour.
After the water was removed softly, the pieces in each group were allowed
to stand for 2 days in a 10-liter desiccater (a tray filled with water was
placed therein).
Then, change in the color of the buds was observed with naked eye. In
addition, by measuring with colorimeter each lightness (L) and chroma of
the broccoli (a: green to red, b: blue to yellow) before and after they
were allowed to stand, the difference in the color between before and
after being allowed to stand was calculated therefrom and regarded as a
measure of their green-fading and yellowing. (The higher .DELTA.E
indicates the progress of green-fading and yellowing. However, since the
value is affected by lightness and chroma of plants before the test, it is
regarded as a measure of change in the color of the buds for the Example
only.)
.DELTA.E={(.DELTA.L).sup.2 +(.DELTA.a).sup.2 +(.DELTA.b).sup.2 }
.DELTA.E; difference in the color of the broccoli buds between before and
after being allowed to stand
.DELTA.L; difference in the "L" value between before and after being
allowed to stand
.DELTA.a; difference in the "a" value between before and after being
allowed to stand
.DELTA.b; difference in the "b" value between before and after being
allowed to stand
Results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
Test group and control
After 2 days
group Appearance .DELTA.E*
______________________________________
Test group 1 Yellowing to some
6.3 .+-. 0.8
a 0.1 weight % aqueous
extent
cis-propenylphosphonic
acid solution
Test group 2 Little yellowing
4.5 .+-. 1.0
an 1 weight % aqueous
keeping green
cis-propenylphosphonic
considerably
acid solution
Control 1 Complete yellowing
9.0 .+-. 1.8
Tap water
______________________________________
*Average .+-. Standard Deviation
Example 2
Effect of preservative on yellowing of broccoli
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except for
the uses, as test groups, of an 1 ppm aqueous
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea solution (test group 1) and a 10 ppm
aqueous N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea solution (test group 2) and,
as control groups, of an 1 ppm aqueous 6-benzyladenine solution (control
group 1), a 10 ppm aqueous 6-benzyladenine solution (control group 2), an
1 ppm aqueous kinetin solution (control group 3), a 10 ppm aqueous kinetin
solution (control group 4), and tap water (control group 5).
Results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
______________________________________
Test group and control
After 2 days
group Appearance .DELTA.E*
______________________________________
Test group 1 No yellowing 1.3 .+-. 0.3
an 1 ppm aqueous N-(2-
Keeping green perfectly
chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-
phenylurea solution
Test group 2 No yellowing 1.1 .+-. 0.7
an 10 ppm aqueous N-
Keeping green perfectly
(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-
N'-phenylurea solution
Control 1 Yellowing to some
3.6 .+-. 2.2
an 1 ppm aqueous
extent
6-benzyladenine
Green-fading to some
solution extent
Control 2 Yellowing to some
2.7 .+-. 1.0
a 10 ppm aqueous
extent
6-benzyladenine
A little green-fading
solution
Control 3 A little yellowing
4.2 .+-. 1.2
an 1 ppm aqueous
Green-fading to some
kinetin solution
extent
Control 4 A little yellowing
3.4 .+-. 0.8
a 10 pm aqueous
Green-fading to some
kinetin solution
extent
Control 5 Complete yellowing
10.3 .+-. 1.7
Tap water
______________________________________
*Average .+-. Standard Deviation
Example 3
Effect of preservative on yellowing of broccoli
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except for
the use, as test groups, of a 0.02 weight % aqueous dipicolinic acid
solution (test group 1) and a 0.2 weight % aqueous dipicolinic acid
solution (test group 2).
Results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3
______________________________________
Test group and control
After 2 days
group Appearance .DELTA.E*
______________________________________
Test group 1 Yellowing to some
6.5 .+-. 1.2
a 0.02 weight % extent
aqueous dipicolinic
acid solution
Test group 2 Little yellowing
4.8 .+-. 0.6
a 0.2 weight % aqueous
Keeping green
dipicolinic acid considerably
solution
Control 1 Complete yellowing
9.2 .+-. 1.5
Tap water
______________________________________
*Average .+-. Standard Deviation
Example 4
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flower
Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Coral) were cut in water to a
lengths of 30 cm, immediately after harvest. The stems of the nine flowers
were immersed, in each of a 200-ml Erlenmeyer flasks respectively
containing 100 ml each of a 0.01 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic
acid solution (test group 1); a 0.1 weight % aqueous
cis-propenylphosphonic acid solution (test group 2); and tap water
(control group 1). Then, they were allowed to stand at room temperature,
and the degree of their withering was observed with the naked eye daily.
Results are shown in Table 4.
(Since the results are affected by some conditions, such as harvesting time
of plants examined before the test, the degree of the withering progress
is regarded as a measure for the Example only.)
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Days
Test group and control group
0 4 8 12 16
______________________________________
Test group 1 - - - - +
a 0.01 weight % aqueous cis-pro-
penylphosphonic acid solution
Test group 2 - - - - -
a 0.1 weight % aqueous cis-propenyl-
phosphonic acid solution
Control group 1 - .+-. + ++ +++
tap water
______________________________________
-: No withering,
.+-.: Start of a little withering,
+: Obvious withering,
++: Almost complete withering,
+++: Putrefaction in addition to withering
Example 5
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
Respective 5 carnations were treated in the same manner as in Example 4
except for the use, as test groups, of a 0.1 ppm aqueous
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea solution (test group 1), an 1 ppm
aqueous N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea solution (test group 2), and
an 1 ppm aqueous N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-(m-chloro-phenyl)urea solution
(test group 3), and, as control groups, of an 1 ppm aqueous
6-benzyladenine solution (control group 1), an 1 ppm aqueous kinetin
solution (control group 2), and tap water (control group 3).
Results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5
______________________________________
Days
Test group and control group
0 2 4 6 8
______________________________________
Test group 1 - - - - -
a 0.1 ppm aqueous N-(2-chloro-4-
pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea solution
Test group 2 - - - - .+-.
an 1 ppm aqueous N-(2-chloro-4-
pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea solution
Test group 3 - - - - +
an 1 ppm aqueous N-(2-chloro-4-
pyridyl)-N'-(m-chloro-phenyl)urea
solution
Control group 1 - - - .+-. ++
an 1 ppm aqueous 6-benzyladenine
solution
Control group 2 - - - + ++
an 1 ppm aqueous kinetin solution
Control group 3 - .+-. + ++ +++
Tap water
______________________________________
-: No withering,
.+-.: Start of a little withering,
+: Obvious withering,
++: Almost complete withering,
+++: Putrefaction in addition to withering
Example 6
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 4 except for
the use, as test groups, of a 0.2 weight % aqueous dipicolinic acid
solution (test group 1), a 0.2 weight % aqueous pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic
acid solution (test group 2), and a 0.2 weight % aqueous
pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid solution (test group 3).
Results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6
______________________________________
Days
Test group and control group
0 2 4 6 8
______________________________________
Test group 1 - - - - -
a 0.2 weight % aqueous dipicolinic
acid solution
Test group 2 - - - .+-. +
a 0.2 weight % aqueous pyridine-2,5-
dicarboxylic acid solution
Test group 3 - - - + ++
a 0.2 weight % aqueous pyridine-2,4-
dicarboxylic acid solution
Control group 1 - .+-. + ++ +++
Tap water
______________________________________
-: No withering,
.+-.: Start of a little withering,
+: Obvious withering,
++: Almost complete withering,
+++: Putrefaction in addition to withering
Example 7
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
The tests were carried out in the same manner as in Example 4 except for
the use, as test groups, of a 10 ppm aqueous N-ethylmaleimide solution
(test group 1), a 10 ppm aqueous p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid
solution (test group 2), and a 10 ppm aqueous iodoacetic acid solution
(test group 3).
Results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7
______________________________________
Days
Test group and control group
0 4 8 12 16
______________________________________
Test group 1 - - - - -
a 10 ppm aqueous N-ethylmaleimide
solution
Test group 2 - - - - .+-.
a 10 ppm aqueous p-chloromercuri-
benzene sulfonic acid solution
Test group 3
a 10 ppm aqueous iodoacetic acid
- - - - +
solution
Control group 1 - .+-. + ++ +++
Tap water
______________________________________
-: No withering,
.+-.: Start of a little withering,
+: Obvious withering,
++: Almost complete withering,
+++: Putrefaction in addition to withering
Example 8
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Coral) were cut in water to
lengths of 30 cm, immediately after harvest. Then each cut flower was put
in each of a 61 ml-test tubes respectively containing 30 ml each of an
aqueous mixture solution of 1 weight % cis-propenylphosphonic acid, 0.2
weight % dipicolinic acid, and 10 weight % sucrose (test group 1), tap
water (control group 1), and an aqueous solution of silver thiosulfate
(0.1 mmol/l, control group 2) which is known to demonstrate a significant
effect on delay withering of carnation, and the stem was immersed therein
for 3 hours. Six cut flowers were used for one test group, respectively.
Then, all of the cut flowers were taken out from the respective immersing
solutions, and the each flower was transferred to 61 ml-test tube
containing 30 ml of tap water in each, and the flower was allowed to stand
at room temperature. The degree of withering was observed with the naked
eye daily, and the weight of the cut flowers was also measured.
Results are shown in Table 8 and FIG. 1.
TABLE 8
______________________________________
Vase life; the days
until withering starts
(mean of 6 flowers .+-.
Test group and control group
standard deviation)
______________________________________
Test group 1 11.7 .+-. 0.5
1 weight % cis-propenyl-
phosphonic acid
0.2 weight % dipicolinic acid
10 weight % sucrose
Control group 1 6.3 .+-. 0.5
Tap water
Control group 2 11.2 .+-. 1.5
a silver thiosulfate solution
(0.1 mmol/l)
______________________________________
Example 9
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 8 except for
the use of "Yukon" as a cultivar of carnation.
Results are shown in Table 9 and FIG. 2.
TABLE 9
______________________________________
Vase life; the days
until withering starts
(mean of 6 flowers .+-.
Test group and control group
standard deviation)
______________________________________
Test group 1 12.7 .+-. 0.8
1 weight % cis-propenyl-
phosphonic acid
0.2 weight % dipicolinic acid
10 weight % sucrose
Control group 1 7.2 .+-. 1.0
Tap water
Control group 2 12.7 .+-. 2.1
a silver thiosulfate solution
(0.1 mmol/l)
______________________________________
Example 10
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in the Example 8 except
for the use of "Arisetta" of a spray type as a cultivar of carnation and
for the use, as test groups, of an aqueous mixture solution of 0.5 weight
% cis-propenylphosphonic acid, 0.1 weight % dipicolinic acid, and 10
weight % sucrose and, as a control group, of tap water.
Results are shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10
______________________________________
Vase life; the days
until withering starts
(mean of 6 flowers .+-.
Test group and control group
standard deviation)
______________________________________
Test group 1 13.4 .+-. 2.6
0.5 weight % cis-propenyl-
phosphonic acid
0.1 weight % dipicolinic acid
10 weight % sucrose
Control group 7.0 .+-. 1.3
Tap water
______________________________________
Example 11
Effect on prolonging the life of cut roses
Roses (Rosa hidrida L. cv. Sonia) were cut in water to lengths of 30 cm,
immediately after harvested in the state of bud. The each cut flower was
put in each of a 61 ml-test tubes respectively containing 30 ml each of a
0.01 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic acid solution (test group 1);
an aqueous mixture solution of 0.01 weight % cis-propenylphosphonic acid
and 3 weight % sucrose (test group 2), tap water (control group 1) and a
commercial preservative for cut flower (a vase treatment agent "Hana no
Sei" (Flower Sprite) made by Palace Chemical Corp., control group 2), to
immerse its stem therein.
Then, they were allowed to stand in a room where the temperature and the
relative humidity were adjusted to 20.degree. C., 70%, respectively, and
the stage in the flower opening and the external appearance of the flowers
were observed with the naked eye daily. In addition, weight of the cut
flowers as well as water uptake were measured.
The stage in the flower opening, as shown in FIG. 3, is expressed as
numerical symbols, from the stage of the bud. The number in FIG. 3
indicates the stage in the flower opening. In the drawings, *1 means that
the flower opened too much (including an exposed style of the flower), and
*2 means that the flower opened too much more than stage 7.
As for the effect on prolonging the life of flower, flowers were judged to
lose their ornamental values (the end point of flower) when two or more of
five cut flowers tested showed their flowers apparently opened too much
(including an exposed style of the flower), dropped of petals, withered,
or drooped or a hamful effect of the chemical was shown, and then the
observation and measurements were stopped.
Results are shown in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6. The data in the figures in the
drawing show mean values of five cut flowers.
Example 12
Effect on prolonging the life of cut roses
Roses (Rosa hibrida L. cv. Sonia) were cut in water to lengths of 30 cm,
immediately after harvested in the state of bud. Then each cut flower was
put in each of a 61 ml-test tubes respectively containing 30 ml each of a
0.01 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic acid solution (test group 1);
a 0.05 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic acid solution (test group
2); or an aqueous mixture solution of 0.05 weight % cis-propenylphosphonic
acid and 5 weight % sucrose (test group 3); and tap water (control group)
to immerse the stem of the respective flowers for 20 hours therein.
Five cut flowers were employed for each of the test group. Then, all of the
cut flowers were taken out from the each immersing solution, and then each
flower was transferred to a 61 ml-test tube containing 30 ml of tap water,
to immerse the stem, and was measured for the same items as in Example 11.
The above procedures were carried out in a room where the temperature and
the relative humidity were adjusted to 20.degree. C. and 70%,
respectively.
Results are shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9. The data shown in Figs. indicate
mean values.
Example 13
Effect on prolonging the life of cut roses
Carina (Rosa hibrida L.) was employed as a cultivar of rose flower. The
procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 12 except for
the use of a 0.01 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic acid solution
(test group 1), a 0.05 weight % aqueous cis-propenylphosphonic acid
solution (test group 2), and tap water (control group 1) and the procedure
was carried out in the same manner as in Example 11 except for the use of
a commercial preservative [a vase treatment agent "Hana no Sei" (Flower
Sprite), as control group 2].
Results are shown in FIG. 10. The data in the figure indicate mean values
of five cut flowers.
Example 14
Effect on prolonging the life of cut roses
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 11 except
for the use, as a test group, of a 0.05 weight % aqueous
cis-propenylphosphonic acid solution (test group 1), and the use, as
control groups, of tap water (control group 1), a 0.01 weight % aqueous
phenylphosphonic acid solution (control group 2), and a 0.05 weight %
aqueous phenylphosphonic acid solution (control 3).
Results are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The data indicated in the figures are
mean values of five cut flowers.
Example 15
Effect on prolonging the life of cut roses
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 12 except
for the use, as a test group, of 0.1 weight % aqueous solution of
phosphomycin sodium salt (test group 1) and of 0.2 weight % aqueous
solution of sodium salt of phosphomycin (test group 2).
Results are shown in FIG. 13. The data indicated in the figure are mean
value of five cut flowers.
Example 16
Preventive effect on withering of cut carnation flowers
The procedure was carried out in the same manner as in Example 4 except for
the use, as a test group, of 0.4 weight % aqueous solution of phosphomycin
sodium salt solution, and, as control groups, of tap water (control group
1) and of 0.4 weight % aqueous phenylphosphonic acid solution (control
group 2). Results are shown in Table 11.
TABLE 11
______________________________________
Days
Test group and control group
0 2 4 6 8
______________________________________
Test group - - - - .+-.
0.4 weight % aqueous phosphmycin
sodium salt solution
Control group 1 - - + + ++
Tap water
Control group 2 - - + + ++
0.4 weight % aqueous phenylphosphonic
acid solution
______________________________________
-: No withering,
.+-.: Start of a little withering,
+: Obvious withering,
++: Almost complete withering
Example 17
Extended effect on vase life of cut tulip flowers
Commercially available tulip (type: pink supreme) was cut in water to
lengths of into a 50 cm flower in length in water. Then each cut flower
was put in each of a 61 ml-test tube respectively containing 30 ml each of
an aqueous mixture solution of 0.1 weight % cis-propenylphosphonic acid
(test group) and a tap water (control group). Three cut flowers were used
for both the test group and the control group.
Thereafter all the cut flowers were allowed to stand in the same room with
temperature and the relative humidity controlled at 20.degree. C. and 70%
respectively, and the appearance of each cut flower (petals, stems, etc.)
was observed with the naked eye every day.
Results are shown in Table 12.
TABLE 12
__________________________________________________________________________
Days
Test group and control group
0 2 4 6 8
__________________________________________________________________________
Test group Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal Normal
0.1 weight % aqueous
cis-propenylphosphonic acid
Control group Normal
Normal
A bit Bowing of
--*
Tap water bowing of
stems, fallen
stems petals
__________________________________________________________________________
--*: Measurement ended at the sixth day, therefore no results are
available.
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