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United States Patent |
5,100,878
|
Geber
|
March 31, 1992
|
Blocking the effect of teratogens on a fetus
Abstract
By administration of sulfated cyclodextrin on a pregnant mother, the effect
of a teratogen on a developing fetus is blocked. Blocking the effect of
the teratogen reduces congenital defects in a developing fetus. The
sulfated cyclodextrin has also been found to reduce the effect of the
teratogen on a host. The sulfated cyclodextrin is administered either
before or after onset of organogenesis and either before or after exposure
to the teratogen. Teratogens include radiation, temperature extremes,
chemicals, drugs, bacteria, viruses, hormones, stress, injury, pregnancy,
and fatigue.
Inventors:
|
Geber; William F. (Augusta, GA)
|
Assignee:
|
American Maize-Products Company (Stamford, CT)
|
Appl. No.:
|
519833 |
Filed:
|
May 7, 1990 |
Current U.S. Class: |
514/58 |
Intern'l Class: |
A61K 031/715 |
Field of Search: |
514/58
536/121,103,112
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
2923704 | Feb., 1960 | Berger | 536/121.
|
4020160 | Apr., 1977 | Bernstein et al. | 514/58.
|
4066829 | Mar., 1978 | Nair et al. | 536/103.
|
4258180 | Mar., 1981 | Lewis et al. | 536/112.
|
Other References
Chemical Abstracts (92: 105205y) 1980.
J. Szejtli and G. Sebestyen, "Resorption, Metabolism and Toxicity Studies
on the Peroral Application of beta-Cyclodextrin", Starch/Starke, 31, Nr.
11 (1979), pp. 385-389.
Chang et al., Dextran Sulfate as an Inhibitor against the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus; Proceedings of the Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine 189, 304-309; Jul. 21, 1988.
Gerber; anti-Viral Compounds as Anti-Teratogens; Teratology-The Internation
Journal of Abnormal Development; vol. 29, No. 2; Apr. 1984.
Folkman et al., Control of Angiogenesis with Synthetic Heparin Substitutes;
vol. 243, pp. 1490-1493; Dec. 1988.
Beyer; A Study of Pharmacological Protection of Drug Induced Teratogenesis
in the Fetal Hamster; Jun. 1984.
|
Primary Examiner: Waddell; Frederick E.
Assistant Examiner: Weddington; K.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lucas & Just
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for reducing or blocking the effect of a teratogen on a host in
need of such treatment comprising treating said host with an amount of a
sulfated cyclodextrin effective to reduce or block the effect of a
teratogen on the host in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said host is treated with said
cyclodextrin before exposure to said teratogen.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said host is treated with said
cyclodextrin after exposure to said teratogen.
5. A method for reducing or blocking the effect of a teratogen on a host
that is pregnant with a fetus and is in need of such treatment, thereby
preventing or reducing congenital birth defects, said method comprising
treating said host with an amount of sulfated cyclodextrin effective to
reduce or block the effect of the teratogen on the fetus thereby
preventing or blocking a congenital birth defect caused by said teratogen.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the amount of sulfated cyclodextrin
administered per day is between about 5 to about 200 mg/kg of host.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the amount of sulfated cyclodextrin
administered per day is between about 50 to about 90 mg/kg of host.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein the teratogen is selected from the group
consisting of acetazolamide, sodium arsenic, arsenic, hydroxy urea, ethyl
alcohol and heat.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the teratogen is selected from the group
consisting of acetazolamide, sodium arsenic, arsenic, hydroxy urea, ethyl
alcohol and heat.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the teratogen is selected from the group
consisting of acetazolamide, sodium arsenic, arsenic, hydroxy urea, ethyl
alcohol and heat.
Description
This invention relates to a method for blocking the effect of a teratogen
on a fetus by administration of a sulfated cyclodextrin to a pregnant
mother. Blocking the effect of teratogens with sulfated cyclodextrin
prevents congenital birth defects in some cases and in other cases reduces
the effect of the teratogen on the fetus.
Congenital birth defects are defects which originated in an organism during
development in the uterus and which are not necessarily due to heredity.
Teratogens include radiation, temperature extremes, chemicals, drugs,
bacteria, viruses, hormones, stress, injury, pregnancy, and fatigue.
Teratogens affect the developing organism in a pathological sense and can
result in congenital defects such as prenatal defects, structural defects,
functional defects, behavioral defects, or an increased likelihood of
cancer.
Prenatal defects occur in over 45% of conceptions. Over 30% of these
defects are manifested before implantation of the embryo in the uterus and
result in reabsorption of the embryo without further development.
Approximately 15% of prenatal defects result in spontaneous miscarriage.
Structural defects occur in approximately 3% of viable births. Structural
defects are visible abnormalities in the structure of the fetus at birth.
Functional defects occur in an additional approximately 7% of births.
Functional defects do not manifest themselves until some period after
birth wherein a system does not perform its function, e.g. a learning
disability which is generally not detectable at birth.
Additionally, another 20% of births involve infants with behavioral defects
which are caused by an in utero induced abnormality. These defects are
also generally only discovered later in life and are not apparent in the
newborn infant.
A higher likelihood of cancer is another congenital birth defect which may
result from in utero exposure to an oncogenic agent. About 80-85% of
cancers are induced by the genetic and congenital makeup of the organism
and may be triggered by one or more oncogenic agents, or a combination
thereof. Oncogenic agents and teratogens are in many instances the same.
It is known that teratogens cause birth defects. However it is not known if
the teratogen affects the mother, the fetus, or both. It is also not known
how the teratogen causes the congenital birth defect. It is believed that
one possible point of damage by teratogens is the interferon component of
the immune system of the fetus. Interferon is a low molecular weight
protein that is produced by cells. It has been found that a wide range of
teratogens decrease the amount of interferon or inhibit the production of
interferon in cells of the fetus. The immune system of a cell, and
specifically interferon, is thought to function together with the genetic
material of the cell to modify, control and protect the genetic mechanisms
which direct cellular activities. Thus, the genetic material of each cell
is made susceptible to damage by the teratogen that damaged the immune
system.
Previous methods for blocking the effect of teratogens on a fetus to reduce
congenital defects include pre- or post-teratogen exposure administration
of an agent such as tilorone hydrochloride ("tilorone 1"; 2,7-bis
[2-diethylamino ethoxy]-fluoren-9-one; the bis basic ether of fluorene),
dextran sulfate (a highly sulfated polysaccharide), amantadine
hydrochloride (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride), polyinosinic:
polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; a double-stranded, polyribonucleotide
complex), and RMI 11,567 DA ("tilorone 2"; the bis basic ketone of
dibenzofuran). These agents are sometimes referred to as antiteratogens,
and have all been found to lower the likelihood of central nervous system
lesions which result in exencephaly in an organism; however, a higher
frequency of congenital defects in the urogenital system occurs. In
addition, only limited specific activity has been found for any of these
compounds directed towards a specific defect and none of these compounds
universally block a broad rang of defects.
Dextran sulfate has additionally been found to have some anti-viral
activity on a narrow range of viruses, see R. Shihman Chang et al.,
"Dextran Sulfate as an Inhibitor Against the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
189, 304-309 (1988).
Sulfated cyclodextrins are known and have been used for treatment of
diseases. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 2,923,704 teaches cyclohexaamylose
sulfate and cycloheptaamylose sulfate for treatment of coronary disease.
Cyclodextrin sulfates are also known to have anti-inflammatory, fatty
serum clarifier and anti-artiosclerotic activity, see Japanese Patent No.
75/36422 (CA, 83:79544a). U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,020,160 and 4,258,180 teach
that cyclodextrin and modified cyclodextrin sulfate salts inhibit
complement activity in body fluids. Beta cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate,
when administered with a steroid, has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis,
see J. Folkman et al., "Control of Angiogenesis with Synthetic Heparin
Substitutes", Science, 243, 1490-1493 (Mar. 17, 1989).
It has now been discovered that the effect of a teratogen on a fetus is
blocked by the administration of an effective amount of a sulfated
cyclodextrin to the mother in either a prophylactic or therapeutic manner.
Because the effect of the teratogen is blocked, congenital birth defects
in the fetus are reduced. It has also been discovered that, where the
effect of the teratogen is not fully blocked, its effect on the fetus is
reduced by the administration of an effective amount of sulfated
cyclodextrin. For example, where the effect of a teratogen on the fetus is
reduced birth weight, the administration of sulfated cyclodextrin to the
mother having the teratogen in her system will result in a fetus with a
less reduced birth weight.
The term "fetus" as used in the specification and claims means any prenatal
organism between conception and birth which is normally developed in
utero. This definition includes a prenatal organism which is first
conceived in vitro and later implanted in a uterus. The term "fetus"
includes the term "embryo".
The exact mechanism of the present invention is not known, however, it is
thought that the sulfated cyclodextrin blocks the effect of a teratogen by
stimulating production or release of interferon which, in turn, directly
blocks the teratogenic activation on the genetic material of the
developing fetus.
Sulfated cyclodextrin has many advantages over other known antiteratogens.
For example, sulfated cyclodextrin is a simple and easily synthesized
substance; it has a lower toxicity as compared to other antiteratogenic
substances; and use of the sulfated cyclodextrin causes less undesirable
side effects. Other antiteratogens are usually nucleoside derivatives of
teratogenic substances which are difficult to synthesize and which cause
undesirable side effects.
In accordance with the present invention, sulfated cyclodextrin is used as
an antiteratogen in either a prophylactic or a therapeutic manner.
Administration of sulfated cyclodextrin before exposure to a teratogen
provides a prophylactic effect; administration after exposure provides a
therapeutic effect. The sulfated cyclodextrin may also be administered to
a potential mother before conception.
Preferably, the sulfated cyclodextrin is administered during the gestation
period of organogenesis. Of course, depending on the species,
organogenesis occurs at different times during the gestation period. For
hamsters, the most critical phase of organogenesis occurs about 8-9 days
after conception; for humans, the most critical phase of organogenesis
occur about 3-9 weeks after conception. It is appropriate to continue to
administer the sulfated cyclodextrin throughout the pregnancy and after
birth if lactating.
The sulfated cyclodextrin is administered to the female by any
pharmaceutically acceptable method. Acceptable administration methods
include oral administration; and sub-cutaneous (SC), interperitoneal (IP),
or intravenous (IV) injection. Administration of the sulfated cyclodextrin
is made by using any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
A range of doses may be employed depending on the mode of administration,
the species of the host, and the pharmaceutical carrier. Determination of
an effective amount for a specific host is conventional. The dosage range
is adjusted to provide optimum preventative or therapeutic response in the
warm-blooded animal being treated. In general, the amount of compound
administered can vary over a wide range to provide from about 5 mg/kg to
about 200 mg of sulfated cyclodextrin per kilogram body weight of animal
per day.
In preventative or therapeutic use the sulfated cyclodextrin as used in the
present invention is administered in the form of a conventional
pharmaceutical composition. Such a composition is formulated so as to be
suitable for oral or parenteral administration. The sulfated cyclodextrin
is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier which takes a wide
variety of forms depending on the form of administration, such as liquid
or tablet form.
To make a tablet, the sulfated cyclodextrin is mixed with conventional
tabletting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol,
talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, gums, or
similar materials as non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or
diluents and formed into a tablet. The tablets or pills can be laminated
or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage
of prolonged or delayed action or predetermined successive action of the
enclosed medication. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise inner
dosage and outer dosage components, the latter being in the form of an
envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an
enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and
permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be
delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric
layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids
or mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, shellac and
cetyl alcohol, cellulose acetate and the like. A particularly advantageous
enteric coating comprises a styrene maleic acid copolymer together with
known materials contributing to the enteric properties of the coating. The
tablet or pill may be colored through the use of an appropriate non-toxic
dye, so as to provide a pleasing appearance.
In liquid form, the sulfated cyclodextrin is in a sterile suspension or
solution for parenteral use. Sulfated cyclodextrin is a solid at room
temperature. Isotonic preparations containing suitable preservatives are
also desirable for injection use.
The term "dosage" a used herein refers to physically discrete units
suitable as a unitary dosage for warm-blooded animal subjects, each unit
containing a predetermined quantity of active component calculated to
produce the desired preventative or therapeutic effect in association with
the required pharmaceutical diluent, carrier or vehicle.
Good results have been found using a sulfated cyclodextrin in the sodium
salt form (monovalent). However, any pharmaceutically acceptable salt form
of the sulfated cyclodextrin can be used in accordance with the present
invention.
A dosage of 50-90 mg/kg has been found to be effective for preventative
treatment in hamsters. An effective amount of the sulfated cyclodextrin to
reduce the effect of congenital defects in warm-blooded animals is from
about 5 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg.
A suitable method for making the sulfated cyclodextrin of the present
invention is by mixing the cyclodextrin and the sulfating agent in a
solvent such as dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide or
dimethylsulfoxide, heating the mix to between about 40.degree. to about
80.degree. C. and holding the mix at that temperature for about 12 to 30
hours, preferably under vigorous agitation. Suitable sulfating agents
include trimethylammonium sulfur trioxide, pyridinium sulfur trioxide, and
chlorosulfonic acid. The product is then recovered in a conventional
manner.
Alpha, beta or gamma cyclodextrin is used to make the sulfated cyclodextrin
of the present invention; however, best results have been found using beta
cyclodextrin.
Cyclodextrins are also called "Schardinger dextrins" and are cyclic
oligosaccharides composed of anhydroglucose groups bonded together by
alpha 1,4 bonds. The six-membered ring structure is called alpha
cyclodextrin, the seven-membered ring is beta cyclodextrin and the
eight-membered ring is gamma cyclodextrin. The cyclodextrins have
different chemical and physical properties than the linear
oligosaccharides derived from starch in that they are non-reducing
dextrins. The ring structure of the cyclodextrin molecule is used as a
host for the inclusion of various compounds, usually organic, for the
food, pharmaceutical and chemical fields.
As is also well-known, cyclodextrins are produced from starch of any
selected plant variety such as corn, potato, waxy maize and the like which
may be modified or unmodified starch derived from cereal or tuber origin
and the amylose or amylopectin fractions thereof. The selected starch, in
aqueous slurry at selected concentrations up to about 35% by weight
solids, is usually liquefied by treatment with a liquefying enzyme such as
bacterial alpha-amylase enzyme and then subjected to a treatment with a
transglycosylase (CGT) enzyme to form the cyclodextrins.
The amount of the individual alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrins produced
by treating the starch with CGT will vary depending on the selected
starch, selected CGT and processing conditions. The parameters to select
for the CGT conversion for the desired result in the amount of each
individual cyclodextrin to be produced is conventional and well-described
in the literature.
Separation of the alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrins is also conventional.
The chromatographic column disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,232 dated Feb.
28, 1989 has been found to be effective for the separation of the
different types of cyclodextrins.
The molecular ratio of sulfating agent to the number of hydroxyl groups on
the cyclodextrin determines the degree of sulfation. A degree of
substitution (DS) of the sulfate on the cyclodextrin of about 1-3 has been
found to produce good results. Best results have been obtained with a DS
of 2. Degree of substitution is the average of the number of hydroxyl
groups on an anhydroglucose replaced with sulfate groups.
It will be understood that the sulfated cyclodextrin as used in the present
invention may be modified by adding other groups to the cyclodextrin which
have antiteratogen activity. Such antiteratogenic groups include, but are
not limited to, all or part of the ascorbic acid molecule, all or part of
the salicylate molecule, and all or part of the naloxone molecule.
Additionally, the sulfated cyclodextrin can be combined with other
antiteratogens when administered to a host.
These and other aspects of the present invention may be more fully
understood with reference to the following examples.
GENERAL EXPLANATION OF EXAMPLES
In all of the examples, timed pregnant Harlan Sprague Dawley outbred
hamsters were injected (SC or IP) with a teratogen on day 8 of gestation
during the hours of 9 to 11, which is approximately the beginning of the
organogenesis period of gestation. When using the prophylactic method of
treatment of the present invention, about 15-60 minutes before injection
of the teratogen, the hamsters were injected with sulfated cyclodextrin.
When using the therapeutic method of treatment of the present invention,
about 15-60 minutes after injection of the teratogen, the hamsters were
injected with sulfated cyclodextrin. Control sets of hamsters received an
injection of saline, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) solution, or sulfated
cyclodextrin only. The amount of each injection is shown in units of mg/kg
which means milligram of compound injected per kilogram of host, i.e.
mother plus fetus.
After injections of the pregnant hamster on day 8, the animal was returned
to its cage and left undisturbed under normal laboratory conditions, with
food and water supplied ad libitum. On day 15, when the mother was near
birth, the mother was sacrificed by an overdose of ether, the fetuses
removed, examined, and placed in Bouins solution for further examination.
The presence of defective fetuses was determined by detailed morphological
dissection of each fetus.
The value for the weight of the mother after birth of the litter which is
listed in the tables of the examples is the weight of the mother including
the placenta.
Comparisons were made between the saline or CMC injected groups and the
teratogen injected groups to determine the effectiveness of the sulfated
cyclodextrin and the results are reported in the following examples.
Depending on the teratogen used, blocking of defects using the present
invention occurred in about 20-96% of the fetuses born, as compared to
fetuses without treatment. The defect blocking value is determined in the
following manner:
The total number of defective fetuses of the group of females exposed only
to the teratogen is divided by the total number of fetuses in that same
group. This number is multiplied by 100 to get the number M.
Next, the total number of defective fetuses of the group of females exposed
to both the teratogen and the sulfated cyclodextrin is divided by the
total number of fetuses in that same group. This number is multiplied by
100 to obtain the number M*.
The blocking value is obtained by the following formula:
Blocking Value=[(M*/M-1)](-100%)
The sulfated cyclodextrin used in the examples was beta-cyclodextrin
tetradecasulfate. It was prepared by dissolving 5.0 g of beta cyclodextrin
(4.4 moles) in 250 ml dimethylformamide (DMF). To this was added 15.0 g of
trimethylammonium sulfur trioxide (SO.sub.3 N(CH.sub.3).sub.3) (25
equiv.). The mix was then heated to 70.degree. C. and vigorously stirred
for 24 hours while the temperature was maintained. It was then cooled to
room temperature and the DMF layer was decanted off. The residue was
dissolved in 250 ml water and 75 ml of 30% sodium acetate was added. This
new mixture was stirred vigorously for 4 hours and was then poured into
4000 ml ethanol and allowed to stand overnight to form a solid. The solid
was filtered, recrystallized and washed with absolute ethanol and with
diethyl ether. Dry product was produced over phosphorus pentoxide (P.sub.2
O.sub.5) in vacuo and 10.3 g of product was recovered having a DS of 2.
The types of congenital defects observed were:
a) exencephaly/ancephaly;
b) myelocele
c) cranioschisis;
d) spina bifida;
e) anasarca;
f) gastroschisis (omphalocele);
g) runt--fetus that is at least 40-50% smaller than rest of litter which
may or may not also have a defect. The fetus being a runt was only
calculated as a defect when the runt was more than 50% smaller than the
fetuses of the rest of the litter;
h) microcephalic.
These defects are noted in each table in the examples and are referred to
by the letter corresponding to the defect in the above list, preceded by
the number of fetuses exhibited the defect, e.g. 4a means 4 fetuses
exhibited exencephaly.
The defects are based on the number of defective fetuses per litter.
Although some individual fetuses in a litter may contain multiple defects,
the fetus is counted only once as defective, and the multiple defects
merely noted in the table.
Where a fetus had multiple defects, the individual fetus will be shown in
the tables with both letters, e.g. lab means that one fetus had both
exencephaly and myelocele.
The control data for the subsequent examples are listed below in Table A.
TABLE A
__________________________________________________________________________
Average
Average
Weight of
Weight of
Number
Control Total
Hamster at
Hamster at
of live
Fetuses/
Agent Litters
Injection (g)
Birth (g)
Fetuses
Litter (Avg.)
Defects
__________________________________________________________________________
Saline 20 133 127 220 11.0 0
(0.9% NaCl)
0.5 ml/hamster
Carboxyl methyl
15 124 120 174 11.6 0
cellulose (CMC)
(0.25% CMC)
0.5 ml/hamster
Sulfated Beta
20 128 124 228 11.4 0
Cyclodextrin
(50 mg/kg)
0.5 ml/hamster
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 1
Teratogen: Acetazolamide (AZM)
Concentration: 3000 mg/20 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 1500 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 115 mg/12 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 70 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the acetazolamide.
The results of injection of acetazolamide alone are reported in Table 1 as
follows; the results of acetazolamide and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 2.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 140 120 10 2-3 g
2 122 120 Not
Pregnant
3 118 118 Not
Pregnant
4 134 122 8 4a, 1b
5 118 115 8 2a, 1b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 8.7
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 131 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 119 g
M: 31% [(8/26)(100%)]-
TABLE 2
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 136 129 6 0
2 136 117 Not
Pregnant
3 140 127 11 0
4 134 122 7 0
5 142 130 8 1b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 8.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 138 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 127 g
M*: 3% [(1/32)](100%)
Blocking Value: 90% [(3/31)-1] (-100%)
EXAMPLE 2
Teratogen: Acetazolamide (AZM)
Concentration: 4500 mg/30 ml CMC
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 1500 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 115 mg/12 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 78 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the acetazolamide.
The results of injection of acetazolamide alone are reported in Table 3 as
follows; the results of acetazolamide and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 4.
TABLE 3
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 120 99 8 1a, 4b
2 124 157 3 1b
3 126 123 5 1b
4 132 93 Not
Pregnant
5 128 125 4 1a, 3b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 5.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 125 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 126 g
M: 55% (11/20)
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 120 97 15 2b
2 128 117 10 6a, 1b, 1c
3 128 130 6 1b
4 138 102 12 1b
5 118 119 6 1b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 9.9
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 126 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 113 g
M*: 27% (13/49)
Blocking Value: 49% (27/55)
EXAMPLE 3
Teratogen: Sodium Arsenic
Concentration: 125 mg/25 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 25 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 115 mg/12 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 79 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the sodium arsenic.
The results of injection of sodium arsenic alone are reported in Table 5 as
follows; the results of sodium arsenic and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 6.
TABLE 5
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 124 118 Not
Pregnant
2 142 100 7 2a, 2b
3 126 109 6 1a, 1b
4 106 123 10 5a
5 128 115 14 3a, 2b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 9.2
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 126 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 112 g
M: 43% (16/37)
TABLE 6
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 112 111 14 0
2 112 106 10 5a, 1c
3 132 116 6 0
4 126 109 12 1b
5 122 109 6 1b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 9.6
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 121 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 110 g
M*: 17% (8/48)
Blocking Value: 61% (17/43)
EXAMPLE 4
Teratogen: Sodium Arsenic
Concentration: 125 mg/25 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 25 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 115 mg/12 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 80 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the sodium arsenic.
The results of injection of sodium arsenic alone are reported in Table 7 as
follows; the results of sodium arsenic and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 8.
TABLE 7
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 125 123 10 4a, 3b
2 126 121 13 3a, 2b
3 130 129 9 2a, 3b
4 122 120 13 2a, 6b
5 124 126 10 1a, 9b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 11.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 125 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 124 g
M: 64% (35/55)
TABLE 8
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 126 120 8 1a
2 122 122 5 2a, 2b
3 114 108 10 4a, 4b
4 124 123 7 1a, 3b
5 114 121 7 1a, 1b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 7.4
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 120 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 119 g
M*: 51% (19/37)
Blocking Value: 21% (51/64)
EXAMPLE 5
Teratogen: Hydroxy Urea
Concentration: 2000 mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 865 mg/kg
Blocking Agent (I): Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 115 mg/12 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 82 mg/kg
Blocking Agent (II): Sulfated beta cyclodextrin +Naloxone
Concentration: 115 mg/12 ml saline of sulfated beta cyclodextrin+130 mg./12
ml saline of naloxone
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 82 mg/kg sulfated beta cyclodextrin; 50 mg/kg naloxone
For the results shown in Table 10, the hamsters were injected with sulfated
beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes before injection of the hydroxy urea. For the
results shown in Table 11, the hamsters were injected with sulfated beta
cyclodextrin/naloxone about 50 minutes before injection of the hydroxy
urea.
The results of injection of hydroxy urea alone are reported in Table 9 as
follows; the results of hydroxy urea and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 10; and the results of the hydroxy urea and sulfated
beta cyclodextrin/naloxone are reported in Table 11.
TABLE 9
______________________________________
Sam- Weight of Weight of
ple Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses Defects
______________________________________
1 118 115 None -
all resorbed
2 102 105 None -
all resorbed
3 124 122 None -
all resorbed
4 114 115 1 1bfd
5 108 109 None -
all resorbed
6 100 112 Not Pregnant
7 90 105 Not Pregnant
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 1
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 113 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 115 g (only hamster #4)
M: 100% (1/1)
TABLE 10
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 134 Died -- --
2 114 117 Not
Pregnant
3 112 124 2 2bfd
4 116 126 2 2bfd
5 122 124 2 2bfd
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 2.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 117 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 125 g
M*: 100% (6/6)
Blocking Value: 0% (100/100) Blocking effect was indicated by increased
number of fetuses/litter and increase in average fetus size.
TABLE 11
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample
Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses Defects
______________________________________
1 122 129 None -
all resorbed
2 106 113 1 1bfd
3 144 Dead (due to
puncture of
blood vessel)
4 112 113 5 1bg, 1b
5 112 113 None -
all resorbed
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 3.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 109 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 113 g
M*: 50% (3/6)
Blocking Value: 50% (50/100)
EXAMPLE 6
Teratogen: Hydroxy Urea
Concentration: 2000 mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 835 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 145 mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 40 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the hydroxy urea.
The results of injection of hydroxy urea alone are reported in Table 12 as
follows; the results of hydroxy urea and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 13.
TABLE 12
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 118 125 2 1bdfg, 1g
2 120 120 7 5bdfg, 1g
3 112 120 1 1bdfg
4 118 127 2 2bdfg
5 120 125 3 3bdfg
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 3.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 118 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 123 g
M: 93% (14/15)
TABLE 13
______________________________________
Sam- Weight of Weight of
ple Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses Defects
______________________________________
1 126 124 2 2dfb
2 126 Died -- --
3 116 132 None -
all resorbed
4 120 127 1 1dfb
5 114 123 4 1f
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 2.3
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 120 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 125 g
M*: 57% (4/7)
Blocking Value: 39% (57/93)
EXAMPLE 7
Teratogen: Hydroxy Urea
Concentration: 2000 mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage 800 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 145 mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 37 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the hydroxy urea.
The results of injection of hydroxy urea alone are reported in Table 14 as
follows; the results of hydroxy urea and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 15.
TABLE 14
______________________________________
Sam- Weight of Weight of
ple Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses Defects
______________________________________
1 126 127 2 2df
2 120 117 Not
Pregnant
3 132 135 None -
all resorbed
4 120 138 6 1f, 3df
5 132 132 6 0
6 132 138 None -
all resorbed
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 4.7
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 126 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 132 g
M: 43% (6/14)
TABLE 15
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 142 134 9 2a, 3d, 1bfd
2 124 122 8 4f
3 126 131 2 2f
4 132 130 11 0
5 128 132 3 1df, 1f
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 6.7
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 130 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 130 g
M*: 43% (14/33)
Blocking Value: 0%
There is no block of the percent fetuses defective, but there is less
litter resorption; there are more fetuses/litter; there is a decreased
number of spina bifida fetuses; and there is less gastroschisis
EXAMPLE 8
Teratogen: Ethyl Alcohol
Concentration: 100% C.P. grade ethanol
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 1080 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 145 mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 36 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 50 minutes
before injection of the ethyl alcohol.
The results of injection of ethyl alcohol alone are reported in Table 16 as
follows; the results of ethyl alcohol and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 17.
TABLE 16
______________________________________
Sam- Weight of Weight of
ple Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses Defects
______________________________________
1 142 140 3 3a
2 128 122 9 8a
3 120 126 None -
all resorbed
4 124 126 None -
all resorbed
5 138 135 1 1cd
6 130 114 12 0
7 130 133 2 1ae, 1a
8 130 124 2 1ae, 1a
9 142 142 6 6a
10 120 112 12 10a, 1d
11 128 136 None -
all resorbed
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 5.9
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 133 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 128 g
M: 70% (33/47)
Blocking also indicated by decreased litter resportion; increased number
of fetuses/litter; larger fetuses in litter, decrease in exencephaly
defects and blocking of spina bifida defects
TABLE 17
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 108 Died -- --
2 120 122 11 2a, 2b
3 136 125 12 4a, 2b
4 126 133 3 2a, 1b
5 150 141 5 3a, 2g
6 138 134 1 1a
7 118 126 9 2a, 2b
8 134 126 1 1g
9 124 121 10 4a, 4b
10 142 134 12 1a, 3b
11 134 130 9 1a, 2b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 7.3
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 132 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 129 g
M*: 53% (39/73)
Blocking Value: 24% (53/70)
Blockinq effect indicated by decreased litter resorption; increased numbe
of fetuses/litter; larger fetuses in litter; decrease in exencephaly
defects; no spina bifida defects
EXAMPLE 9
Teratogen: Acetazolamide
Concentration: 4500 mg/30 ml saline/CMC
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 1365 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 60 mg/6 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 35 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin 30-45 minutes
after injection of the acetazolamide.
The results of injection of acetazolamide alone are reported in Table 18 as
follows; the results of acetazolamide and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 19.
TABLE 18
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 132 128 10 2b
2 130 118 6 2a, 1b
3 124 112 8 1a, 2b
4 132 115 11 1a, 4b
5 138 134 9 5a, 3b, 1g
6 134 99 10 5a, 2b, 3g
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 9.0
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 132 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 118 g
M: 59% (32/54)
TABLE 19
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 150 136 12 0
2 130 122 4 2b
3 138 132 12 5b
4 140 127 6 0
5 128 122 8 1b
6 126 123 Not
Pregnant
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 8.4
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 137 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 128 g
M*: 19% (8/42)
Blocking Value: 68% (19/59)
EXAMPLE 10
Teratogen: Arsenic
Concentration: 125 mg/25 ml saline
Method of Injection: IP
Dosage: 26.5 mg/kg
Blocking Agent: Sulfated beta cyclodextrin
Concentration: 145mg/15 ml saline
Method of Injection: SC
Dosage: 37 mg/kg
The hamsters were injected with sulfated beta cyclodextrin about 20 minutes
after injection of the arsenic.
The results of injection of arsenic alone are reported in Table 20 as
follows; the results of arsenic and sulfated beta cyclodextrin are
reported in Table 21.
TABLE 20
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 132 132 8 2a, 4b
2 124 117 11 1a, 5b
3 132 127 12 4a, 6b
4 118 125 7 5a, 1b
5 142 123 11 3a, 6b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 9.8
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 129 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 125 g
M: 76% (37/49)
TABLE 21
______________________________________
Sam- Weight of Weight of
ple Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses Defects
______________________________________
1 134 135 None -
all resorbed
2 126 130 9 2b, 1g
3 124 120 11 1a, 3b
4 136 124 14 1a, 2b.
1 dead
5 136 141 7 3
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 10.2
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 131 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 129 g
M*: 34% (14/41)
Blocking Value: 55% (34/76)
EXAMPLE 11
This example illustrates the effect of heat (hyperthermia) as the
teratogen. The procedure of the previous examples was followed. A dosage
of 50 mg/kg of sulfated beta cyclodextrin was injected IP in the hamsters
about 20 minutes before exposure to heat. After injection, the hamsters
were placed in a climate controlled box at 42.degree. C. for 1 hour. Air
was supplied to the box and the humidity of the air was about 50-60%.
The results of exposure to the increased heat alone are reported in Table
22 as follows; the results of increased heat and sulfated beta
cyclodextrin are reported in Table 23.
TABLE 22
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 133 130 8 1a, 3b, 3h
2 140 138 11 4h
3 126 124 12 2a, 2b, 1c
4 131 130 8 2a, 1b, 3h
5 130 125 6 3h, 1b
6 135 131 2 1h, 1b
7 l29 126 6 2h, 1a, 1b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 7.6
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 132 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 129 g
M: 60% (32/53)
TABLE 23
______________________________________
Weight of Weight of
Sample Hamster at Hamster After
# Live
No. Injection (g)
Birth (g) Fetuses
Defects
______________________________________
1 135 136 9 2b
2 131 130 11 1b
3 128 129 11 4b
4 135 135 10 1a
5 140 139 11 1a
6 142 135 12 3b
7 138 137 10 3b
______________________________________
Average Number of Fetuses/Litter: 10.6
Average Weight of Mother at Injection: 136 g
Average Weight of Mother After Birth: 134 g
M*: 20% (15/74)
Blocking Value: 67% (20/60)
GENERAL DISCUSSION OF EXAMPLES
It is apparent from the foregoing examples that the sulfated cyclodextrin,
when used in accordance with the present invention, is effective as a
blocking agent against a range of teratogens. Both its prophylactic and
therapeutic effects are demonstrated.
During the running of the examples it was generally observed that all
teratogenic fetuses weigh approximately 10-20% less than control fetuses
on average and that the blocked group fetuses weigh intermediately between
control and teratogen treated. In other words, blocking with sulfated
cyclodextrin not only reduces gross anatomical defects, but also blocks to
some degree low birth weight associated with teratogens.
It will be understood that the claims are intended to cover all changes and
modifications of the preferred embodiments of the invention herein chosen
for the purpose of illustration which do not constitute a departure from
the spirit and scope of the invention.
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